Studies in American Histoi^y 
419 
improvements and a state bank. He held members of both 
parties within his following. The following year all 7 Con- 
gressmen elected were Jackson men, but in the legislature 
party division was lacking. The keen enthusiasm and high 
party feeling of the past ten years were subsiding somewhat. 
With Jackson vindicated, no big issue in sight, and hard times 
in the offing, there came a halt in the Democratic advance, 
to be followed by a period of defensive warfare after the 
break in 1836 and the reaction following the panic. 
Ohio, never so thoroly Jacksonian as Indiana and Illinois, 
was also feeling the conflict of forces which was to swing the 
balance to the opposition. National Republicans, Anti- 
Masons, and factious Democrats had worked together against 
Robert Lucas with fair success in 1832, and what became the 
Whig party in Ohio may be said to date from that time. The 
legislature of 1832-1833 was Democratic and approved of 
Jackson's policies, but a reversal took place in 1834 and the 
resolutions were rescinded. In 1834 the Whigs gained 2 Con- 
gressmen, which gave them 10 of the 19. The listless legisla- 
tive election of the following year gave another Democratic 
assembly, which spent most of its time fighting with Michi- 
gan over the boundary between the two states. 
Illinois politics from 1830 to 1835 were in chaos. No longer 
was it possible to explain things on the basis of the two-fac- 
tion division of the twenties. Instead existed numerous 
cliques, most of whose leaders professed allegiance to Jack- 
son but felt in no way bound to support his measures. Only 
when ideals of party regularity appeared did there develop 
two real political parties. When Jackson began to take a 
decided stand on various questions, and demanded that his 
followers support his measures as well as his name, the “Milk 
and Cider" or moderate Jackson group in Illinois found itself 
in an anomalous position. It could maintain itself as an 
independent organization only by alliance with Anti- Jackson 
men. The changing political personnel, increasing importance 
of state problems, and influence of the growing population 
of the northern counties resulted in the crystallization of 
Anti- Jackson sentiment. The “Milk and Cider" group fur- 
nished recruits to both sides, and while many became National 
Republicans and later Whigs, the rest were drawn into the 
Democratic party and served to tone down the views of the 
ultra- Jackson or “Whole Hog" wing. The Whig party was 
