OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 
31 
show, on examination, a narrow slit along their upper surface. In 
this are found one or two buds, of which the one nearest the stem is 
the oldest and largest. They form an interesting means of compari- 
son with the specimens already noted. Like these, the buds are des- 
tined to outlive the winter and begin fresh growth with the opening 
spring. 
2. Buds and Branches. — Species in which the uppermost su- 
perposed bud immediately develops into a branch, while lower ones 
remain for a longer or shorter period in the bud state, are rare among 
ligneous plants, while among herbs they comprise almost all known 
cases. In Cornus stolonifeixi (4), a shrub or small tree with two buds 
to the axil, the upper may develop into a branch some inches long be- 
fore the season closes, or it may remain only a bud. In either case 
the lower bud remains small. 
The first formed bud in herbs is usually a well developed branch 
before the second becomes visible. The petiole must often be care- 
fully removed and the lower part of the developed branch closely ex- 
amined in order to find the flattened bud lying closely against it. 
This in the month of July is true of Bar bar ea vulgaris^ Sisymbrium 
officinale, Oenothera fruticosa, Nesaea verticillata, Ambrosia ar- 
te mis iaefolia, Scrophularia nodosa, Mimuhcs ringens, Gera'rdia purpu- 
rea, RiLellia ciliosa, Verbena stricta (12), Verbena urticifolia, Fhryma 
leptostachya, Lycopus sinuatus, Teucrium Canadense, Chenopodium 
album and many others. 
Some of these smaller buds later in the season turn into branches. 
Even in July Ambrosia trijida has most of its upper axils filled with 
two well developed branches. In Lactuca Canadensis the younger 
branch already bears flower buds ; the older branch is in blossom. 
Brassica nigra has the flowers of the older branch turned into seed, 
while the younger one in the same axil is flowering. In Lysimachia 
ciliata, the younger branches are partly in bud, partly in flower. 
As examples of plants bearing more than two buds in the same 
axil, may be mentioned Chelidonium majus (10), which occasionally 
has three such buds, and Thalictrum diowum, which has four or five. 
In Ch. majus, the base of the leaf and node swells and forms a pulvi- 
nus or cushion, extending horizontally from the stem, and supporting 
the buds and branches. Since these are borne on the same horizontal 
plane the term superposed is correct only theoretically. T, dioicum 
will be described later. 
