OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 
9 
Altogether, it would seem that modern measures as applied to calcula- 
tions in the Paleozoic, are likely to be too long rather than too shorb 
Here the question naturally arises, what is the source of all the mate- 
rial thus accumulated, especially the quartz. Most of the white sand- 
stones of the coal measures are highly micaceous and in places the 
loose sandstone has a schistose character, due to the presence of large 
amounts of light colore.d mica. Such deposits can be most readily ex- 
plained by supposing them more or less directly derived from granite- 
rocks, which were first kaolinized, the aluminous or fedspathic ingredi- 
ents being separated and floated to a distance, there producing the 
shales, while the sand is accumulated near the shore line. The mica 
is partly separated, but is always found in connection with arenaceous, 
deposits. But how is it that such large deposits of sand are found at so 
great a distance from granitic ranges ? To this it might be suggested 
that many spurs of the Archean continent had remained even near 
this area and that the material was thus derived directly. Such spurs- 
would, however, be very likely to leave other evidences of their exist- 
ence. It might be, on the other hand, that during the preceding (De- 
vonian) age, sandstones had been accumulated, which now fell a prey 
to encroaching and receding seas. But in such a case we might hope 
to find fragments of the fossils of the Devonian among carboniferous, 
deposits or in other ways receive information of the appropriation,, 
much as the old parchments used for church missials have been forced 
to reveal the more ancient heathen lore inscribed beneath. Aside 
from the negative evidence hinted at, we have the fact that there are 
here and there conglomerates containing quartz-fragments which must; 
in all probability, have been derived from veins such as are found in 
igneous rocks, A third explanation is that the highlands on the east; 
and north really supplied the materials and that they were floated and 
rolled to their present positions by tidal and wave action. This theory 
receives incidental confirmation in several ways.* We find the heavier 
materials collected more considerably to the east, even in as narrow^ 
an area as our own. Bands of Waverly rock, which at Granville con- 
sist of freestone, become conglomeritic east of Newark. Northeast of 
Clay Lick there seems to have been a promontory or low spit during 
the early part of the Waverly epoch. Here accumulated quantities of 
sand and conglomerate, while to the south and west layers of shale and 
freestone were formed at the same horizon. Then, as now, the dip was 
southwest at this point, and in the more protected reach of shore to the 
