MiNBU IN UPPER BURMA. 
the Nwamadaung range, with minor differences. Bignoniaceae and 
the species of Tectona are less prominent. Terminalia tomentosa 
is very common, while Terminalia py'rifolia and T. Oliveri also 
occur. Other trees met with on the ascent to Kan village in addi- 
tion to those mentioned as occurring on the N vamadaung hills are 
Sderculia color at a, Garuga pinnata ) Sapindus Mukorossi , Bucha* 
nania latifolia ) Melanorrhcea usitata , Maesa indica , Schrebera 
swietenioides . The shrubby v egetation is to all intents the same as 
that of the Nwamadaung range, Composites and Acanthaceous 
species predominating. Here and there along the steep hill track 
occur clumps of tali grasses, chiefly such species as Thysanoleena 
agrostis , Saccharu n spontaneum , Erianthus longisetosus , E. 
Hooker i and Neyraudia madagascariensis. Dendrocalamus strictus 
and another bamboo are common. The climbers and herbaceous 
vegetation are represented by the same species as are found on the 
Nwamadaung hills. 
Beyond and above the village of Kan — that is above 3,000 feet 
elevation — the deciduous forest gives place to an evergreen forest. 
The chief trees above this elevation so far as we had time to dis- 
cover are Dipterocarpus tuberculatus (the Eng of the Burmese), 
Duabangi sonneratioides , Quercus Bindley ana, Q. dealbata, and 
Castanopsis tribuloides , all very common. Ocher characteristic but 
less common trees are Taraktogenos Kurzii , Cedrela Toona, Seme - 
carpus albescens , Pygeum acumin itum, Eriobotrya bengalensis , 
Tupidanthus calyptratus, Diplospora confusa > Cinnamomum Tamala , 
C. obtusifolium s Engelhardtia Colebrookiana , Ficus glomerata , Bac~ 
caurea sapida , etc. The climbers comprise such species as Clematis 
greioiaejlora , Naravelia zeylanica, Vcntiligo calyculata, Entada 
scandens, Derris scandens, etc. The undergrowth consists chiefly 
of su:h shrubs as Vaccinium b incinum, Ardisia humilis , Ligustrum 
robustum , many species of Acanthaceae , Premna latifolia , Cleroden - 
dron infortun itum, Polygonu?n chinense . The herbaceous vegeta- 
tion is represented by such species as P impinella Leschenaultii 9 
Rubia angustissnna , many Composites and grasses , and some Scita - 
mineas, and Ferns . 
The flat alluvial belt along the Irawaddy is for the most part 
under cultivation, the chief crops being rice, maize and a great 
variety of pulses and cucurbitaceous plants. At the time of our tour 
the rice-fields were bare but for tufts of stubble, and the soil caked 
into polygonal blocks of stony hardness resembling the tops of 
basalt columns, with a tuft of stubble for the nucleus of each block. 
Where the alluvial belt is free from cultivation it is covered 
with Savannah grass, the chief constituent species being Impet at a 
