'AND LLONAKH VALLEYS OF SIKKIM. 
165 
Species of Hahenaria and Cypripedium sparingly represent the 
Orchidece. Polygonatum, Smilacina, Allium, Lloydia, Clintonia 
ascend far up the valleys. Junci, Carices, and Graminece are much 
less prominent than we anticipated, the higher ridges yielding but 
a poor harvest of Monocotyledones . Yaks and sheep may flourish 
on the grazing grounds of Llonakh but scarcely on the ‘ grass * of 
that area. 
Ephedra and the dwarf Junipers ascend to over 15,000 feet, the 
limit of the latter being the limit of available wood for the camp- 
fire. Ferns are scarce in the Zemu as Hooker points out in his 
Journals. In the upper Llonakh they are rarer still, only three 
species being met with. The dominant genera Df,the area are 
Arenaria, Potentilla, Saxifraga, Saussurea, RhododendroUf Primula, 
Pedicularis . 
The accompanying map is the most recent available. Our route 
is marked in red. Authorities differ regarding the altitude of 
some of the peaks and passes. Thus Freshfield gives 17,300 feet as 
the correct altitude of the Naku La*, 16,752 feet for the The La. 
As our aneroid reads only to 15,000 feet, we have no valid data to 
quote. We tried to verify the names given to the various yak- 
stations in the survey map, but without success. The average 
Tibetan interrogated knew little beyond Naku La and Llonakh. At 
any rate these names are not current among the temporary inhabi- 
tants as far as we could discover. ‘ One or two of these ‘ doks ’ may 
be occupied summer after summer but there is nothing to show that 
the majority are definite ‘ stations ’, and likely to retain a perma- 
nent name. We mention this because the presence of these names 
on the map gives the impression that these places are as definite as 
for example the villages round Gangtok. 
We are indebted for much kind assistance in the identification 
of our specimens. The types in the Calcutta Herbarium are not 
as complete as could be desired especially of the rarer alpines 
collected by Sir Joseph Hooker and of the plants of the Tibetan 
plateau. The authorities at Kew have kindly compared many of 
our plants with the originajl types and have favoured us with an 
opinion on most of the new plants submitted.* 
M. Bonati has reported on the genus Pedicularis; M. Hamet is 
working up the Crassulacece; Mr. I. H. Burkill has taken the 
Gentianacece , while the late Mr. Robert Pantling examined the 
Orchidece.. We have to thank Major A. T. Gage, Director of the 
Botanical Survey, for his help and interest throughout. 
* The general account is the work of both authors ; for any inaccuracies in 
the list and for the description of the new species I am responsible. — W. W. S > 
