£28 
PLANTS OF NORTHERN GUJARAT. 
and thence into the sand associations of herbs and low bushes. Where 
this sand is at all elevated and forms ridges and dunes we recognise a 
change to the psammophytic class, of formations. There is little doubt 
that further north-east in Cutch and Sind and Rajputana the 
oecological conditions give rise to Warming's psammophytic class, but 
with us, owing perhaps to our higher rainfall, psammophytic conditions 
are confined to elevated sandy ground and merge insensibly into 
Savannah. 
I. Xerophytic Woodland. 
This occurs on the hills north-east of Modasa, and is of the deciduous 
forest type well known on the Satpuras in Khandesh and the Panch 
Mahals districts. Owing to its inaccessibility it has been insufficiently 
studied fiy us. It differs from the Savannah woodland which follows 
mainly in the taller type of tree and in the more closed nature of the 
arboreous association. The species which especially distinguishes it is 
Terminalia tomentosa , and we also noted trees of Boswelha s errata and 
Phyllanthus emblica. Aegle Marmelos and Tectona grandis , also, are 
more prominent and taller than in the association which follows. 
Wherever the ground is level and the soil, therefore, deeper, this 
woodland gives way to a grass association essentially the same as that 
described below, with the exception that whereas the grassland of the 
Savannah proper contains interspersed small trees and shrubs, the grass- 
land of the Woodland Formation contains interspersed trees of Termina - 
Izoi'j S assta , etc* 
II. Woodland Savannah. 
This occurs on stony hills west and south of Modasa, where there 
are extensive outcrops of rocks such as steatite and large and small 
boulders of the same. 
In this association, intermediate in type between true Savannah ana 
Xerophytic Woodland various trees and shrubs are met with which do 
ngt occur further west— 
(i) Trees. All fairly common but none abundant - 
Tectona grandis , Mitragyna parviflora , Aegle Marmelos , Morinda 
citrifolia , Slerculia urens > JDiospyros melanoxylon , Odina 
Wodier , Anogeissus pendula (in one place only where it was 
dominant and almost exclusive), A. sericea . 
(ti) Shrubs and undershrubs of which none are abundant except 
the first ; — 
