The Biological Division in 1910 under John Macoun was con- 
cerned mainly with plants and birds. P. A. Taverner (Fig. 12) was 
appointed in 1911 to conduct ornithological studies. These eventually 
resulted in the publication of “Birds of Eastern Canada'’ (1919) 
and “Birds of Western Canada” (1926), as well as many scientific 
papers. Botanical work by James M, Macoun was mostly in British 
Columbia. After his untimely death in 1919, his place was taken 
by M. O. Malte. 
An important event for the Museum was the Canadian Arctic 
Expedition (Fig. 13), which began in 1913. This was divided into 
a northern party under Stefansson and a southern party under 
R. M. Anderson (Fig. 14). When the ship carrying the Stefansson 
party was swept away in the ice of the Beaufort Sea, several members, 
including the anthropologist H. Beuchat, lost their lives. The anthro- 
pologist of the southern party was Diamond Jenness (Fig. 15), who 
made at this time his classical studies of the Copper Eskimos. 
Anderson studied the mammals and birds, and F. Johansen dealt 
with botany and marine zoology. Anderson later became Chief of 
the Biological Division in the Museum, and Jenness took over in 
Anthropology when Sapir left in 1925 to join the staff of the Uni- 
versity of Chicago. 
The First Great War and the occupation of the Museum build- 
ing by Parliament brought the research programme to a low level 
in the early twenties. With the appointment of W. H. Collins as 
Acting Director in 1926 there was a minor resurgence, which took 
the form of renewed field work and publication rather than an 
expansion of staff. Particularly active during this period were Jenness 
on Indian and Eskimo ethnology, Barbeau on West Coast social 
anthropology and material culture, and Wintemberg on the pre- 
historic sites of Ontario. On the retirement of Harlan 1. Smith in 
1936 and Wintemberg in 1940, the Museum's archaeological work 
was carried on by Douglas Leechman. Some physical anthropology 
was continued by J. C. B. Grant, under contract. 
The Biological Division under Anderson made steady progress. 
The Chief Taxidermist, Clyde L. Patch, conducted studies on 
ampliibians and reptiles, and received the additional title of Herpe- 
tologist. Taverner combined the texts of his two previous books into 
the classic “Birds of Canada,” published in 1934. His later studies 
were on western birds, particularly waterfowl. Anderson wrote a 
valuable manual for zoological collectors and continued to gather 
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