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Transactions Texas Academy of Science. 
cians, and technologists of every description ; Hadley ’s idea of Science 
seems to be that of an especially skilled form of manual labor. His 
so-called literary group includes all men of ideas, artists, poets, and 
general writers so far as they are not administrative. 
A little reflection shows that his scientific group is quite untenable 
because disharmonious. For in the first place a scientist is very 
cautious in saying that he is dealing with facts: he has to do with 
phenomena but he does no longer call them facts; scientists have 
a clear conception of the difficulties involved in the idea of facts. In 
the second place, and this is the cardinal point, the scientist does 
not simply handle these phenomena and describe or utilize them for 
some practical purpose, but he explains them and shows their corre- 
lations. To carry % out interpretations he must be a man of ideas 
to quite the same extent as a poet or an essayist, and possess quite 
as high gifts of the imagination. 
Then there is an enormous mental difference between the pure 
technologist and the pure scientist. We do not wish to imply, for 
instance, that the mind of the pure mathematician is higher than 
the mind of the engineer, for they are rather complemental. But 
the former is a scientist and the latter not, in that the former seeks 
interpretations and the latter applications. A physicist is scientific 
so long as he keeps in mind explanations, but not when he simply 
constructs apparatus. In the same way there are two very different 
kinds of men interested in the microscope : the one constructs it, but 
he is not a scientist no matter how excellent a technician he may be; 
the scientist is he who patiently reasons and imagines with his eye 
at the ocular. There is an enormous difference between the technical 
expert and the scientific interpreter, for the first builds apparatus, 
makes use of phenomena, while the second tries to relate the phenom- 
ena and bring them together into certain broad generalizations. If 
there is a particular mental group that may be sharply defined, it 
is the group of minds interested in mechanical constructions, and 
it might be called a technological group. But it is an egregious error 
to rank these and scientists together, they are rather to be considered 
as entirely divergent both in work and aims. Scientists need to use 
apparatus, they are obliged sometimes to invent it, but this apparatus 
is not a primary interest to them but simply a tool; they look ahead 
far beyond the means employed. 
Then on the other hand there is really a very close consanguinity 
of the artistic temperament and the scientific. Scientists properly 
belong close to the artists and far from the technologists. Artists 
and scientists are in equal measure men of ideas, and both are seek- 
ing interpretations, both are necessarily highly imaginative. We may 
