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the bark off their trunks or boll to such a degree 
that very often the effect proves fatal. 
For their Prevention. — To prevent so 
great an evil. Composition (No. 16 ) must be done 
on with the hand, or brushed all over the stem, to 
such a height as the operator may suppose the de- 
predators will be able to reach. They might also 
be completely protected by wapping the stems 
round with hay bands. The operation is much 
more tedious than the fobmer method, and there is 
also a greater danger of injuring the tree, if due 
care is not taken not to bind them too tight, so as 
to prevent the extension of the trunk and a free 
circulation of the sap. 
Robt. Elliot (Caledonian Horticultural 
Transactions) directs as follows, as an effectual 
preventive : — “ Take three pints of melted tallow 
to one pint of tar, mix them well together over a 
gentle fire, in the month of November. Take a 
small brush, and go over the rind or bark of the 
tree with the Mixture, in a milk-warm state, as 
thin as it can be laid on with the brush.” 
J. Smeal (Caledonian Horticultural Transac- 
tions) gives a similar plan : — “ Take Hogs lard, 
and as much Whale oil as will work it up to a 
thin paste or paint, with this gently rub the stems 
of the trees upwards, at the fall of the leaf.” 
Mildew. — The disease commonly called 
Mildew, proves sometimes a most pernicious 
malady to several kinds of fruit trees, shrubs, 
vegetables, and flowers. It will frequently be 
