312 
THE LIVING ANIMALS OL THE WORLD 
Photo by L. H. JoAiei"^ [^New Tori 
SOUTH AMERICAN LONG-WINGED 
BUTTERFLIES 
Showing external resemblance between two butterflies oj 
different families 
Photo by L. H. fouler^ [ New Tori 
DIANA FRITILLARY 
The male is dark brown, with a broad orange border spotted 
with black. The female has green marginal markings 
Photo hv J. Edwards] \_CoItsborns 
QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY 
Brown abo-ve, with plush spots; spotted with silver beneath 
bodies), one or more of the first three pairs of pro-legs 
may be rudimentary or absent, and the caterpillar 
walks by arching its back at every step, in a way 
that must be seen to be appreciated, though such 
caterpillars (popularly called Loopers, on account of the 
way they loop up their bodies in walking) are often 
very active, and cover the ground much more rapidly 
than one might im.agine. Sometimes the claspers, or 
last pair of legs, are modified into tentacles, which, 
in the caterpillars of the Puss-moth and its allies, 
contain retractile whips, used as weapons of defence. 
Caterpillars are very voracious, and increase in 
size with great rapidity ; and whenever their skin 
gets too tight, after splitting it, they slip it off 
(along with the lining of the stomach and intestines), 
and after a few hours’ lethargy, necessary to recover 
from the debilitating effects of such a serious opera- 
tion, and to give the new skin time to dry and 
harden, they begin to feed again as voraciously as 
ever. The number of these moults varies according 
to the species ; when the caterpillar has attained its 
full growth, it enters upon the third stage of its 
life as a pupa, or chrysalis. 
A pupa means a doll, or swaddled baby, and is 
a very appropriate name for the dark-coloured object, 
cased in a horny skin, with no detached organs visible, 
e.xcept the sheath for the proboscis in some of the 
Hawk-moths, in which this organ is unusually long, 
but with the separate cases of the wings, legs, etc., 
of the future butterfly or moth plainly visible in the 
sutures on its surface. The pupm of some butterflies 
have more or less metallic colours; and to these only 
is the term “ chrysalis ” applicable. 
Some pupae are naked, and those of most butter- 
flies are either suspended by the tail, or attached to 
a branch by a belt of silk round the body. Those 
of moths are generally formed either in an earthen 
cell under the surface of the ground, or else 
are enclosed in an oval case called a “ cocoon,” 
chiefly composed of silk, though sometimes moss or 
chips of wood are worked into it. Other pupae 
are found between leaves, or, in the case of cater- 
pillars which feed in the wood of trees, or in the 
stems of plants, in the galleries where they have 
lived. 
When the perfect butterfly or moth is ready to 
emerge, the pupa splits, and the insect works its way 
to the open air. Its body is limp and heavy, and the 
wings are like little flaps of wet rag; but it discharges 
a quantity of superfluous fluid, generally of a red 
colour, and fixes itself on a branch, or other con- 
venient foothold, where its wings can hang downwards. 
