20 
Kerosene is not so cheap as the resin compounds, nor as some of the 
soap and lye washes, but it has this great advantage, that it can be 
used in much less quantity. It permits a great reduction in the amount 
of material and the cost of labor. At the rate of 20 cents per gallon 
wholesale, the effective wash will cost 2J cents per gallon, and from 
one to two gallons are sufficient, if properly sprayed, on a medium- 
sized tree. 
SPRAYING APPARATUS. 
Just as there is a great wastage of time and money in drenching a 
tree with kerosene emulsion, so the spraying nozzle most in vogue with 
you is also somewhat wasteful. That most commonly used is the San 
Jose nozzle, in which the water is simply forced through a terminal slit 
in a narrow and rather copious jet of spray. It is the force and direct- 
ness of the spray which gives this nozzle its popularity under the mis- 
taken spraying notions that prevail, and to this I should probably add 
the fact that, being a patented contrivance, it is well advertised, and 
on the market, for somehow or other people rarely value a gift as much 
as what they buy, and too often rate value by price. The Cyclone noz- 
zle, or Riley atomizer, as it is called in France, which has proved so sat- 
isfactory in the East as well as to my agents at Los Angeles, has scarcely 
had such trial among you, so far as I have been able to see, as to prop- 
erly impress its advantages. That originally made and sent out by the 
late G. N. Milco, of Stockton, was patterned in size and form after one 
which I sent him, and which was designed to spray from near the sur- 
face of the ground. 
What I would use for the orange grove, or for trees, is a bunch of 
nozzles of larger capacity, the size of the outlet to be regulated by the 
force of the pump. I have witnessed all forms and sorts of spraying 
devices, and while there are many that are ingenious and serve a use- 
ful purpose, I can safely say that there is no form which will produce a 
spray so easily regulated and altered to suit different conditions, and 
which is so simple and so easily adjustable to all purposes. Since 
among you I have endeavored to get a bunch nozzle, such as I would 
recommend, made at Los Angeles, and the difficulties I have had in get- 
ting it made properly illustrate, perhaps, some of the reasons why this 
nozzle has not become more popular on this coast. All the parts must 
be well fitted ; the inlet must be tangential and the outlet so made as 
not to overcome the whirling or cyclonic action of the water. The 
breadth, directness, force, or fineness of the spray are all regulated by 
the form and size of the outlet, and if a thick cap be used it must be 
gradually countersunk on both sides until the thickness at the outlet 
does not exceed one-sixteenth of au inch or less. A bunch of four noz- 
zles, one arranged so as to have the outlet distal or from the end of the 
piping, which may be ordinary gas-pipe, and the other three in bunches, 
so that the outlet is at nearly right angles, each about au inch below 
