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CRIMINAL ANIMALS 
Among domesticated animals, the consciousness of 
evil-doing is far more clearly existent than among 
their wild relations, where it can only be matter for 
probable conjecture and surmise. Perhaps the most 
convincing instances of the gratification of a consciously 
criminal instinct are to be found in the cases in which 
dogs, especially sheep-dogs, have been detected in the 
habit of going away to considerable distances at 
night and worrying the sheep in other folds, returning 
before daybreak to their own flock. In one case, a 
collie was seen by a shepherd to slip away from the 
fold early in the morning, and plunge into a stream, 
where he swam for a short time, came out, shook 
himself, and then galloped off in the direction of 
another farm, to which, on inquiry, the dog was 
found to belong. In the fold which it had just left, 
several sheep were found dying and dead, and it was 
surmised that the dog’s bath had for its object the 
removal of the traces of its sanguinary amusement. 
In another case, two dogs were found to have been 
in the habit of slipping away at night, and returning 
quietly to their kennel after killing sheep at a distance 
of ten or twelve miles. In both instances, the flock 
of which they were the natural guardians was uninjured. 
The secret gratification of the criminal instinct is 
not confined to sheep-dogs. In one case, a mastiff 
ran wild, and lived among the Cheviot Hills, killing 
sheep at night, and retiring to the roughest and most 
difficult ground during the day. Though more than 
once hunted by a pack of foxhounds, he always 
