Haustellata. I^iSECTS. Lepidoptera. 253 
and elsewhere, there are some Trichoptera, the larvae 
of which foiia a covering twisted like a shell. Indeed 
Lea, an American conchologist, describes one of these 
as a new shell, under the name of Valvata arenifera, 
while Mr. Swainson described a Brazilian species as a 
new genus of mollusca, under the name of Thelidomus. 
Dr. Gray pointed out in the fifth volume of the “Annals 
of Natural History” that these so-called shells were the 
cases of Caddis-worms. Dr. Bigsby found some of 
them in Canada, and thus alludes to them in his jour- 
nal :* — “ Near our sleeping-place, a few miles north of 
Otter’s Head, I found some very curious animals resem- 
bling molluscs, from one-third to half an inch long, and 
broadish. They are peculiar in ha%’ing no shell, but 
are studded very closely all over with a single layer of 
very small pebbles, each the third of a line perhaps in 
diameter, always of a hard rock, such as quartz, fel- 
spar, jasper, bits of granite, &c. The twisted form of 
the animals is closely followed by the mosaic of the 
pebbles, and the effect is pretty and singular, especially 
when shining in water.” 
These insects are characterized by having four wings 
arranged like a roof, the longitudinal veins united 
by only a few transverse veins ; the prothorax is very 
short ; the antennae have numerous joints, and are long 
and thin ; the mouth is unfitted for mastication, as the 
mandibles are rudimentary and the palpi only are 
developed ; the maxillar}' palpi are five-jointed or less, 
the labial palpi are three-jointed ; the legs are long and 
thin ; the tibiae are furnished at the tip with long, 
movable spurs, these spurs existing often in the four- 
hind legs, beyond the middle of the limb ; the tarsi are 
five-jointed. 
In the first division {Heteropalpi) the females have 
five joints to the maxillary palpi, while the males have 
fewer joints to these organs. 
In the first sub-family, the maxillary palpi of the 
males are four-jointed ; they have ocelli ; there are two 
spurs on the fore legs, and four on each of the others ; 
while the antennae are as long as the wings (Phry- 
ganides). 
The following is a list of the genera, and the number 
of species of each, that have been discovered in Great 
Britain : — 
Phryganea^ 4 species ; Neuronia, 1 ; Agrypnia, 1 ; Limno- 
philus, 21; Anabolia, 3; Stenophylax, 6; Hallesus, 2; Ches- 
topteryx, 2 ; Ecclisopteryx, 1 ; Apatania, 1 ; Notidobia, 1 ; 
Goera, 2 ; Silo, 1 ; Mormonia, 2 ; Brachycentrus, 1 ; Agraylea, 
1 ; Hydroptila, 4 ; Odontocerus, 1 ; Molanna, 1 ; Leptocerus, 
14; Mystacides, 3; Seiodes, 4; Tthyacophila, 1; Agapetus, 2; 
Glossosoma, 2 ; Beraea, 3 ; Chimarra, 1. 
The characters of these genera will be found in Dr. 
Hagen’s papers published in the Entomologist's Annual 
for 1859 and 1860. 
The fresh-water fishes live much on the larva of the 
Phrj'ganeida. The Dipper {Cinclus aquaticus), that 
curious aquatic thrush, in his subaquatic walks picks up 
many a caddis-worm. 
Kirby and Spence * remark that the Leptocerus 
atratus, a kind of May-fly, frequents the black flower- 
spikes of the common sedge {Carex riparia) — that 
coarse, hard grass-like plant so common on the banks 
of our rivers. This insect so closely resembles in colour 
the flower- spikes of the sedge as to deceive the collector, 
and it is very probable that many specimens in this way 
escape the notice of birds. 
Division II.— HAUSTELLATED INSECTS. 
Haustellated, means having a proboscis, more or 
less distinct, with which insects suck up their food.-j- A 
house-fly pushes out its mouth, a butterfly or moth the 
long tongue, which they often insert in a flower. Some 
bees, and even beetles, have tongues like a haustellum. 
and indeed the two groups seem to pass into each other; 
but notwithstanding the appearance, the jaws are alw'ays 
very decidedly marked in the Mandihulata, while, on 
the contrary, they are very abortive or nearly wanting 
in the Haustellata. 
Order — LEPIDOPTERA {Butterflies and Moths), 
This name means scaly-winged. J If you have a 
magnifying glass, or a microscope, you will find a num- 
ber of curiously-formed scales, which, when on the wing 
of the insect, lap over each other like the tiles or slates 
on the roof of a house. 
Had time and space permitted, I should have liked 
to say much more about the Lepidoptera. He who 
would wish handsome, illustrated works on the British 
Butterflies, may get Mr. Humphrey’s, or Mr. West- 
wood’s fine drawing 7 room works ; or Coleman’s very 
* The Shoe and Canoe, or Pictures of Travel in the Canadas. 
By John J. Bigsby, M.D., vol. ii., p. 211. 
t Haustellum, from the Latin word liaurio, to draw, 
f Ae^a Aet/Sos, scale ; and wings. 
excellent “ British Butterflies,” with sixteen plates, giv- 
ing a figure of every species. Mr. Newman has also a 
work on British Butterflies at a shilling, with very good 
wood-cuts. 
Mr. Stainton’s work on British Lepidoptera, or the 
showily-illustrated book of the talented Mr. Humphreys, 
take in all the British Lepidoptera store. The “Genera 
of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” begun by the late Edward 
Doubleday, and illustrated by Mr. Hewitson, and con- 
tinued by Hewitson and Westwood after Doubleday’s 
death, is a truly noble book. So is Mr. Hewitson’s 
“Exotic Butterflies,” now reaching the second volume. 
Mr. G. Gray’s finely-illustrated “ Catalogue of the 
* Introduction to Entomology, ii., p. 179. 
