268 
CiCADiD^. INSECTS. FulgokiDvE. 
list. 
two hundred and fifty-eight species are 
Walker’s 
recorded. 
Family 3- Aleyrodida. Aleyrodes 2 — Walker gives 6. 
Skct. 3.— Monomera. Oue-jointed tarsi. 
Family Coccidce. Dorthesia 6 ; Aspidiutus 3 ; Coccus— Walker 
gives 22 species. 
Family— CICADID.®. 
A very extensive fitmily of insects, generally 
with broad head and clear wings, the males of 
which have a drum with which the remarkable 
noise is produced. A species of Cicada found 
in the United States, has acquired celebrity, and 
its name. Cicada septemdecim, from each brood 
requiring the interval of seventeen years for com- 
ing into its winged state. Dr. Fitch remarks, “The 
unusual length of time which it requires for completing 
its growth, and the perfect regularity with which every 
generation, numbering many millions of individuals, 
attains maturity so as to come forth at the end of 
seventeen years — the entire brood hatching within a 
few days’ time — has caused this more than any other 
American insect to be noted throughout the world. 
The insect dwells entirely in timber land. They were 
noticed as long ago as 1715. The perfect insect 
deposits its eggs in many different kinds of trees, 
yet appearing to prefer those which have the twigs 
thick and robust. The eggs are white ; the young 
when hatched have six legs, of which the front pair is 
by far the largest, and armed on the under side with 
strong spines. It drops from the tree and buries itself 
in the ground b}' means of its fore legs, which are well 
adapted for digging. The pupa comes out of the 
ground in the night; “the warmth and dryness of the 
air by' day would doubtless cause its outer shell-like 
case to become stiff and crack open prematurely.” It 
fixes itself securely by its feet, its thin covering cracks 
open in front on the back, and out crawls the large 
black, four-winged fly, with orange -coloured nerves 
and red eyes. 
Cystisonia Saundersii, with its puffed-up body like 
a Pneutnora among the Orthoptera, is a strange Aus- 
tralian form. 
Tetligareta tomentosa, described by the writer, has 
a small head and a strange rounded thorax ; it is 
Australian. 
The Cicadas and their noise, or “ music,” are often 
referred to by Virgil and Anacreon, and other Greek 
and Latin poets. 
Family — FULGOIlIDjiE (Lantei'n- flies). 
iladame Merian was the first who stated that the 
great South American Lantern-fly {Fulgora laternaricH) 
was luminous. Modern travellers have not been able 
to detect this luminosity ; but it may' nevertheless exist 
at times and in certain states of the atmosphere. I 
have asked Mr. Bowring of Hong Kong about the 
Chinese s[)ecies, and he told me he had never seen any' 
luminosity in the Hotinus candelarim (Plate 8, fig. 14, 
Fulgora Candelaria). Fig. 168 is that of Fulgora 
luternaria. 
The Fulgorae are a curious group Some are really' 
most lovely, such as the Cey'lonese Hotinus maculatua, 
dark, grizzled with flowery' spots, dusted on its prettily 
Fig. 1C8. 
Fulgora laternaria. 
veined upper wings; the lower wings are black, the base 
of a beautiful bluish green. 
Of the African species there is Pyrops nohilis, grey 
and ochraceous, with white wings ; upper wings and 
head thickly dotted with black, 
Phrictus serratus fvoxn South America, with his saw- 
like beak, is a strangely-coloured Lantern-fly. 
Among the Fulgoridae, but without the projecting 
forehead, may be mentioned the very beautiful genus 
Aplicena. They are chiefly from the East, 
The Lystrce have broader heads (Plate 8, fig 12, 
Lystra pulverulenta) . They are chiefly from South 
America. 
The Phenax auricoina has the head and end of the 
abdomen covered with great patches of a yellowish- 
coloured waxy matter. 
The species of Pseciloptera {Plata and Pocliazia) are 
most curious. The wax of some of the Flatse is col- 
lected, particularly in China and the East Indies, 
where it is manufactured into candles. 
The Delpliax saccharivora of Westwood is most 
destructive to the sugar cane in the West Indies. 
Euryraela is a pretty, broad-headed, Australian 
genus ; some of the species are deep brown, with white 
spots. 
Ancyra is a curious genus described by the w'riter; 
the species Ancyra appendicidata (Plate 8, fig. 10), 
is so named from the curious little appendages to the 
wings. It is a native of the coast of the Gulf of Martaban. 
Achilus is a genus of Australian Homoptera described 
by Kirby. Tlie species (figured Plate 8, fig. 11) is of a 
reddish vermillion hue. 
Tiiere are about thirty species of the great group in 
the British islands ; they' are included in the families 
Pseudophanidce and Delpliacidcp.. 
