28 
INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA. 
The Biigti jaw is distinguislied from the mandible of M. pandionis'^ by its 
inferior size, and by the Outer surface being convex, in place of concave^ : as the 
synpDhysis of the former is wanting, it is not possible to make comparisons between 
that part ; but it is probable that the Biigti jaw closely resembled in this respect 
European specimens of 31. angustidens. The mandible of 31. falconeri^ presents no 
resemblance to the Biigti specimen. 
Summary. — As the result of the foregoing comparisons it appears that the present 
species of mastodon is specifically distinct from both the other Siwalik trilophodons ; 
but that it agrees so closely with the European 31. angustidens that there seems no 
alternative but to refer it to the same species. Since, however, there appears a 
tendency in the Indian form to a slightly more complex structure of the molars, and 
to a greater curvature of the borders of the crovm of m. ti, it may be advisable to 
mark this local variation by distinguishing the Indian race under the name of 31. 
angustidens, var. 2^alwindicus.'*^ It is noteworthy that in both the above-mentioned 
respects the Indian race makes a step in the direction of 31. pandionis. 
Distribution of 31. angustidens. — Tlie species has a. wide geographical distribution 
in Europe ; thus it has been found in Gers (Simorre and Sansaii), in the south of 
France; in Switzerland ; in Bavaria (Munich); in Styria (Eibiswald) ; in Bohemia 
(Franzensbad) ; and in Austria-Hungary, Avhere it has been recorded from 
Buda-Pest, from near Staatz, and elsewhere.'’’ The specimens from Buda-Pest 
were obtained from the Sarniatian stau-e ; those from Gers and Stvria coiniim from 
the so-called mid-iniocene. In India the species has been obtained solely on the 
extreme western side of the continent, where no other Siwalik mastodons, with the 
exception of 31. pandionis, are yet known to occur. This probably indicates that the 
species ranged over the whole of the countries between Europe and the western side 
of northern India, but did not extend far into that continent. Remains of a 
mastodon have been recorded from Persia,® and it is not impossible that these may 
eventually turn out to belong to the present species. 
From the later tertiaries of N. America a species of trilophodont mastodon has 
been described under the name of 3£. obscurus,'’ Avhich is considered both by its original 
describer, and by Herr Yacek,® as closely allied to 31. angustidens : of which it is 
possible that it may be merely a local race. There appears to be some doubt 
whether the American species is of miocene, or pliocene age, but it is not 
improbably the latter.® It is noteworthy that the last lower molar of this form has 
1 Supra., vol, I., pp. 216-7. 
2 The writer has not had the opportunity of putting the two specimens in juxta-position : if this were done it is probable 
that other differences would be detected. 
3 Sttpra , vol. I., pp. 207-8, pi. XXXIII., fig. 1. 
4 The term indiem would have been preferable, but as the writer is persuaded that the elephants and mastodons will 
eventually have to be united in one genus, it might lead to confusion. 
5 This distribution has been mainly taken from Herr Vacek’s memoir, already cited. 6 Introduction to vol. II. 
7 Leidy, “ Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories,’' pis XXI -XXII, 8 Op. cit., p 24. 
0 Herr Vacck alludes to it as undoubtcdl}" of pliocene age : in the first volume of the present work it is doubtfully referred 
to the miocene. 
