32 
INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA. 
great resemblance to those of the lower Siwalik M. iiandionh^^ coupled with the fact 
of the former having a short, and the latter a long mandibular symphysis,^ might 
lead to the inference that the one is the more specialized descendant of the other ; 
but the absence of cement in M. sivalensis seems to forbid this view. From the 
extreme complexity of the structure of its molars, Mastodon pandionis can have no 
direct ancestral connection with the true elephants. 
Species 3 : Mastodon (Teilophodon) falconert, nobis. 
Upper milk-molars. — In figs. 2, 3 of plate XXXII. of the first volume an 
associated penultimate and last upper milk-molar of a trilophodont mastodon were 
referred to M. falconeri : the specimens belonged to a young cranium, associated 
with a part of the mandible containing mm. 3.® It was not noticed that these teeth 
differed from the true molars of that species by the enamel being thrown into 
vertical corrugations.^ 
In the accompanying woodcut (fig. 6) there is represented a right upper tooth 
of a trilophodont mastodon, said to have been 
obtained by Col. Sykes from the Deccan, but 
which is more probably from Sind” ; there being a 
precisely similar specimen from tlrat district pre- 
sented by Col. Sykes to the British Museum (No. 
32,503.) The figured specimen carries two trans- 
verse ridges, both of which are nearly equally 
worn : the columns of the ridges are nearly 
vertical ; and there are accessory columns on either 
side of the inner main columns, causing the worn 
dentine surfaces of the latter to assume a trefoil 
shaj)e. The enamel is smooth, and the transverse valleys are fairly open. From 
the columns of the first ridge being more worn than those of the second, and the 
elongated and angular shape of the crown, the tooth under consideration is inferred 
to be uim. 3 , rather than pm. 4 . It is unlike mm. 3 of M. angustidens,^ and is of too large 
a size to have belonged to the Indian race of that species. It differs from the teeth of 
M. pandionis in its smooth enamel, low vertical ridges, Avide transverse valley, and 
trefoil-shaped dentine islets. A tooth of quite a different type, represented in vol. I., 
pi. XXXV., fig. 3, is, from the presence of cement in its valleys, considered with 
great probability to be the homologous milk-molar of the last-named species. 
With the true molars of M. falconeri'' the present tooth agrees in all respects, 
and there is accordingly a great probability of its belonging to that species. If this 
1 Vide supra, vol. 1., p. 226. 
2 From the occurrence of a short symphysis in all the true elephants, and stegodons, and in the pleistocene mastodons, it 
may he taken as certain that this form of jaw is the most specialized. 
3 Supra., vol. I., pi. XXXIII., fig. 2. 
4 The specimen represented in vol. I., pi. XXXII., fig. 4, being referred to M. falconeri (instead of M. pandionis) rendered 
this character inconstant. 
5 Vide supra., p. 29. 
^ Supra., vol. I., pi. XXXIII., fig, 4. 
Fig. 6. (?) 2Iastodon falconeri, nobis. 
Third right upper milk -molar (?) : 
British Museum (No. 40,788). -j-. 
6 Gaudry “ Enchainements - Mam. Tert.,” fig. 239 ( 2 m.). 
