120—16 INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA. 
preorbital fossa, and the commencement of tlie larmial vacuity, characteristic of the 
deer ; whence the specimen may be safely referred to tliat group. On the right side 
all the cheek-teeth are preserved, with the exception of pm. 2 ; a part of the outer 
side of pm. .3 and m. 8 is broken away ; and the teeth are about one-third worn. 
The true molars agree with the little-worn type molars of C. simplicidens (vol. I., 
pi. VIII., fig. 3), with tlie exception that the accessory columns in the median valleys 
are more strongly developed ; this cannot, however, in all probability be regarded as 
more than an individual variation, and the present s^jecimen may accordingly be 
referred to that species. 
In size the specimen agrees very closely with the Indian C. duvaiwelli,^ Cuv.; but 
is distinguished by its more ‘ hypsodont ’ character, and the less strongly developed 
costm of the molars. In both these respects the fossil is exceedingly close to C. axis ; 
which is more hypsodont than the majority of the family.^ This hypsodont character 
is well shown in the woodcut, where the ‘ necks ’ of the crowns of the true molars 
occujiy very different levels, as in G. axisd With the exception of their considerably 
larger size, the only difference tliat can be detected between the teeth of the fossil 
and those of 0. axis is that i>m. 3 is relatively shorter in the latter, and the outer part 
of pni. ‘ 
1 rather less symmetrical, and the true 
molars relatively wider. 
The following 
dimensions indicate the difference in the size 
and proportions of the fossil and recent 
forms 
Width of intermolar space at m. 1 . . 
C. sivalensis. C 
2-08 
axis. 
1 85 
Interval between outer surfaces of second molars 
3-76 
3 15 
Length of five cheek-teeth .... 
3 48 
2-74 
,, ,, three true molars .... 
2-4 
204 
,, ,, pm. 3 
0-68 
0-45 
,, ,, m. 2 
0-88 
0-82 
Width ,,,,,, 
0-94 
0-72 
Distinctness and affinities. — It does not appear that there is any other species of 
deer of which the teeth approach so closely to G. simplicidens as do those of G. axis ; 
and it, therefore, seems probable that the former should be regarded as an ancestral 
form of the latter. There seem no valid grounds for referring any of the mandibles 
or antlers of the Siwalik deer to the present species. 
Distribution. — Both the specimens referred to this species were obtained from the 
Punjab. 
Species 2 : Cervus triplidens, nobis. 
History. — This species was founded at the same time as the last.^ 
Upper molars. — The type second and third upper molars are figured in vol. I., 
pi. VIII., figs. I, 2, and their dimensions are given on page 68. These teeth are but 
1 In the original description the fossil species was considered to ho allied to this species. 
2 Vide Flower, Article “ Mammalia,” p. 432 in the ‘ Encyclopedia Britannica,’ 0th ed. 
3 In the more ‘ brachj’'dont ’ forms {e.g. Cervus duvaucelli, and still more C. kashmirianus) the ‘ necks ’ of the true molars 
occupy nearly the same line [vide Flower, loc. cit.'. 
4 Vol. I., p. 67 (1870). The remark as to the shallowness of the median enamel pits is incorrect. 
