NEW RUMINANTS FROM THE SIWALIKS. 
17—121 
little worn ; paid from tlieir general structure, and especially the strongly marked 
costae on tlieir outer surfaces, there seems no doubt but that the generic reference is 
correct. They are distinguished from those of G. simplicidens by their still higher 
crowns (the height of m. 3 exceeding its width), and the more strongly marked costae 
on their outer surfaces ; this hypsodont character being well exhibited by the extreme 
inequality in the degree of protrusion of m. 2 and m. 3 . 
The species of deer apparently nearest to the fossil is C. davidiotnus (A. Milne- 
Edwards'), of North China, which seems to be more hypsodont than any other living 
species, and whose molars have very strongly marked costae. The remains of the 
Siwalik form are not sufficiently complete to indicate its exact relations to the living 
species, but there is every probability that the two were more or less intimately allied. 
Distribution. — The type specimens and perhaps a part of a maxilla in the Indian 
and another in the British Museum are the only ones that can be referred to the species^ ; 
the former were obtained from the Punjab, and the latter from the Siwalik Hills. 
Species 3 : Cervus sivalensis, nobis. 
History. — In the original description of Cervus triplidens^ it was stated that two 
lower molars of a Cervus figured in vol. I., pi. VIII., fig. 5, might possibly belong to 
that species ; but it was stated in the preface to the same volume^ that this conjectural 
reference was incorrect, and the name C. sivalensis was proposed for the species to 
which the lower teeth belonged ; this name having been subsequently quoted in a list 
of Siwalik mammals.® 
Upper molars. — As the previous species have been determined from the characters 
of the upper molars, it is desirable that the same should be done 
with the present species, and accordingly two upper molars have 
been taken as the type, which are so similar to the above- 
mentioned lower molars that they evidently belonged to a closely 
allied, if not specifically identical form. These two teeth, the 
least worn of which is represented in the accompanying woodcut 
(fig. 8), are implanted in a fragment of the left maxilla, from the 
Siwalik Hills, presented to the British Museum by Mr. C. 
Falconer. The ‘ necks’ of the two teeth are placed on the same 
line, which indicates a more ‘ brachydont ’ form than either of the 
two preceding species ; but the much-worn condition of the 
present teeth forbids a more exact comjoarison in this respect. 
The present teeth are also distinguished by the more rugose 
character of their enamel, which approaches that of the giraffe ; 
and by the presence of a distinct cingulum. 
1 ‘ Nouv. Arch. d. Mus.,’ Bulletin, vol II., p. 27 (1866). The teeth figured are very much worn : a skeleton in the 
British Museum shows them in an early condition of wear. 
2 In the original description mention is made of part of a mandible : this, however, belongs to another species. 
3 Vol. I , p. 68. 4 Page xvii.: the name simplicidens is erroneously given in place of C. triplidens. 
5 “ Records,” vol. XVI., p. 83 (1883). 
E 
Fig. 8. CervUs sivalensis. 
nobis. Last left upper 
true molar ; from the 
Siwalik Hills. British 
Museum (No 48,440). 
