138—4 INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA. 
Family : PHALAGBOOOBAGIDj^. 
Genus: PHALACROCORAX, Briss. 
Syn. Graculus, Linn. 
Distribution. — At the present day the genus has an almost world- wide distribution, 
and is represented by a large number of species. A coracoid in the British Museum 
from the pleistocene of Grays, Essex, indicates a species closely allied to, if not 
identical with P. carho^ ; and a tarso-metatarsus in the same collection has been 
obtained from the prehistoric deposits of New Zealand.^ P. macro]pus (Oope),^ has 
been recorded from the jiliocene of North America ; and the tertiaries of the same 
country have also yielded P. idaJiensis (Marsh). From the French miocene three 
species have been determined^ under the names of P. viiocwnus, P. littoralis, and P. 
intermedins. 
Phalacrocoeax, sp. 
Syn. Plideton'^. sp., Milne-Edwards ; sp., Davies. 
History. — The proximal extremity of a small tarso-metatarsus® in the Cautley 
collection of the British Museum was considered by M. A. Milne-Edwards® to have 
possibly belonged to a species allied to the existing tropic-bird. The present writeP 
suggested that this provisional reference was an improbable one, and it was 
subsequently shown by Mr. Davies® that the specimen probably belonged to 
Pliatacrocorax {Graculus)^ or a closely allied genus. 
Metatarsus. — The above-mentioned specimen, which was obtained from the 
Siwalik Hills, is represented in plate XIV., figs. 10, lOa. It agrees with the 
corresponding bone of P. carbo in the form of the concave facets and tuberosity of 
the superior surface, in the depth of the median groove on the anterior surface, in 
the form of the tendinal canal on the same surface, and of the calcaneal process and 
grooves. It differs in having the anterior surface of the outer metatarsal less 
sharply ridged, and that of the inner less depressed below the articular cavity ; as 
well as in the deeper depression on either side of the calcaneal process. It is almost 
indistinguishable from the above-mentioned bone from New Zealand. 
Distinctness. — Other comparisons have not been made, and it is therefore uncertain 
whether the Siwalik cormorant is or is not identical with any of the other named s]3ecies. 
Order : HERODIONES. 
Family : CIGOMIDM 
Genus : LEPTOPTILUS, Lesson. 
Syn. Argala, Hodgson ; Osterophea, Hodgson. 
Distribution . — This genus is confined at the present time to W. Africa (where it 
1 A. Milne-Edwards, op. oil., vol. I., p. 277. 3 ‘ Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey,’ vol. IV., p. 386. 
2 Davies, op. cit., p. 9. 4 A. Milne-Edwards, op. cit., vol. I., p. 255, et seq. 
5 Op. oil., vol. 1., p. 250. 
6 This bone will in the sequel be simply termed the metatarsus : similarly the tihio-tarsus will be termed tibia. 
7 Op. cit., p. 57. 8 Op. cit., pp. 8-9. 
