SIWALIK AND NARBADA CHELONIA. 
7—161 
Memoirs,” and may not improbably be referred to a smaller individual of this species, 
although it may possibly belong to one of the generically undetermined species 
mentioned below. The trochlear portion is well developed, and indicates an animal 
adapted for progression on land. The ectepicondylar channel is not distinctly 
observable.^ 
Other hones. — Fi’agments of the femur and several of the foot-bones are preserved 
in the British Museum. The proximal extremity of the former is figured (as a 
humerus) in vol. I. pi. XXXI. fig. 2. of “Falconer’s Palaeontological Memoirs”; 
and a terminal phalangeal is figured in pi. XXX. figs. 3. 4. 5. of the same volume. 
The Museum also possesses the centrum of a vertebra. The foot-bones are like those 
of the large recent species of Testudo. 
Cranium 'provisionally referred to this species. — FalconeF estimated the length of 
the cranium of this species at upwards of 2 feet, but judging from his miscalculation 
in the size of the carapace this length may be safely regarded as excessive. The 
cranium of which three views are given in plate XIX. figs. 3. 3a. 3b. was obtained 
from the Siwalik Hills, and is now in the Cautley collection of the British Museum : 
it is also figured from the parietal aspect in “ Falconer’s Palseontological Memoirs,” 
vol. I. pi. XXXI. fig. 1. The specimen is broken off posteriorly close behind the 
quadrates, and has lost the anterior part of the pref rentals, but is in other respects 
fairly perfect. As no trace of sutures can be detected, it may be inferred that it 
belonged to an adult individual ; and its general form and structure indicate that it 
belonged to a land-tortoise, which must have been of very large dimensions. 
In general contour the specimen appears to agree to a considerable extent with 
the skull of Manouria emys figured by Gray^ ; the latter apparently having a decidedly 
concave palate and a broad postorbital bar, which are characteristic features of the 
fossil. The palatal concavity appears, however, less deep in the recent skull, and 
the whole skull is decidedly narrower than the fossil specimen ; while frontal region 
of the latter is more elevated in front of the orbit ; and from a character 
noted below it is probable that the nasal opening was directed more downwardly 
than in the living Indian species. 
Compared with the crania of recent gigantic land-tortoises in the British 
Museum, the fossil agrees with that of Testudo ponderosa^ of Aldabra in its deeply 
concave palate ; this character being very strongly marked in that species,® but 
occurring in a lesser degree in all the species from the same island, which are thus 
distinguished from those of Mauritius,® and to a smaller extent from the Rodriquez 
tortoise.’' This concavity is of moderate extent in the Galapagos tortoises.® Both 
1 For the homology of this channel see Dollo, ‘ Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg.,’ vol. III. p. 180 (1884). 
2 “ Palmontological Memoirs,” vol. I. p. 374. 
3 “ Supplement to Catalogue of Shield-Reptiles,” pt. 1, p. 7, woodcut fig 1 : the specimen is figured under the name of 
Scapiafalcomri ; but it really belongs to Manourin emys ; vide Theobald’s “ Catalogue of the Reptiles of British India,” p. 4. 
The skull is now in Calcutta, and only the figure is therefore available for comparison. 
4 Gunther’s “ Gigantic Land-Tortoises,” pi. VIII. 5 Ibid,]) 36. 
•) Ibid, p. 44. 7 Ibid, p. 55. S Ibid, p. 62. ' 
