THE STONY CORALS OF THE PORTO RICAN WATERS. 
303 
Genus FAVIA Oken, 1815. 
Favia frag-um (Esper). PI. vra. 
1766. Madrepora ananas, Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 321 (non-LinnEeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, p. 797). 
1767. Madrepora ananas (pars), Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xn, t. I, p. 1275. 
1797. Madrepora fragum, Esper, Pflanzenth., Fortsetz,, Th. I, p. 79, pi. lxiv, figs. 1 and 2. (Non Madrepora ananas, Esper, 
Pflanzenth., pp. 126-131, pi. xix.) 
1815. Favia ananas (pars), Oken, Lehrb. Naturgesch., Bd. I, p. 67. 
1816. Astrea ananas, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. s. Vert,, t. ir, p. 260. 
1834. Favia uva (pars), Ehrenberg, Cor. Roth. Meer., Abhandl. K’gl. Akad. Wiss., Berlin for 1832, p. 369. 
1847. Parastrea ananas, Milne-Edwards & Haime, Comptes Rendus, t. xxvm, p. 495. 
1850. Parastrea fragum, Milne-Edwards & Haime, Ann. Sci. Nat., 3i6me ser., Zool., t. xii, p. 173. 
1861. Favia incerta, Duchassaing & Michelotti, Mem. Corall. Ant., p. 75 (of reprint), pi. x, figs. 13, 14. 
1861. Favia coarctata, Duchassaing & Michelotti, op. sup. cit. , p. 76, pi. x, figs. 17, 18. 
1871. Favia ananas, PourtaEs, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. iv, p. 75. 
1895. Favia ananas, Gregory, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Loud., vol. LI, p. 260. 
This species has usually been known by the name Faria ananas , the specific name being referred 
back to Pallas’s Elenchus Zoophytorum. The name Madrepora . ananas was not available for this 
species, as Linnaeus had already applied it to a palaeozoic coral from Gothland, now known as Acenmlaria 
ananas. Professor Lindstrom has discussed the name as applied to the fossil species in his “On the 
Coral liaBaltica of Linnaeus.” 1 After Pallas there followed great confusion, the Baltic fossil and the West 
Indian recent species bearing the same name, and evidently considered by authors to be the same 
thing. In the meantime Esper proposed the name Madrepora fragum for the West Indian species. 
Therefore the ananas of Linnaeus must be restricted to the fossil species, and the ananas of Pallas must 
give way to fragum of Esper. The confusion of ananas is still greater for Esper, although he renamed 
Pallas’s ananas, applied the same name to a species of Dichoccenia from the East Indies, now known as 
Dichoccenia porcata. The Explanaria ananas of Ehrenberg is, as shown by an examination of his 
material in the Museum fiir Naturkunde at Berlin, Dichoccenia stoked. 
Esper’ s figures and the description of fragum are very good, and answer perfectly to the ordinary 
West Indian Favia. A note which accompanies the figures in the Museum of Comparative Zoology’s 
copy, and which presumably was made by Pourtales, states, “This seems to be what we have labeled 
F. ananas throughout the collections. ’ ’ 
I was able to examine the types of Duchassaing & Michelotti’s Favia incerta and Favia coarctata 
in Turin. The difference between the three may be tabulated thus: 
Favia incerta D. & M Wall between corallitesHot thick; calieular margin not elevated. 
Favia coarctataD. & M Wall between corallites not thick: calieular margin elevated. 
Favia ananas Lamarck Wall between corallites thick; calieular margin elevated. 
The first species is founded on a somewhat worn specimen. Another worn specimen, grouping 
with incerta, is labeled Favia fragum. The series of six specimens possessed by Duchassaing & Miche- 
lotti, had they studied them carefully, should have shown them that they were dealing with variations 
of a single species, to which they attached four different names. 
There is in the U. S. National Museum a suite of over 80 recent specimens from various localities 
in the West Indian region. Notes on the variations of these specimens may lie of interest in con- 
nection <with the synonymy given above. First, there are 17 specimens from the island of Curasao, 
collected by the Albatross expedition in 1888. The specimens are all small encrusting, usually capuli- 
form or subhemispherical masses. The greatest distance across a colony rarely exceeds 45 mm. The 
calices are subelliptical or are deformed; in only one instance did I find indications of two calicinal 
centers in a series, except where fission is in progress. Reproduction is by septal budding — fission. 
The calices are divided into subequal halves. The calices are not very long; 6.5 mm. in length by 
4.5 in breadth is large for one in which there is no evidence of the beginning of division. There are 
calices, almost circular, only 3 mm. in diameter. The thickness of the walls between corallites varies 
very much, from merely a separating rim to 2 mm., or even more. The elevation of the calieular 
margin also shows great variation. It may not be noticeably elevated, or it may form the rim of a 
truncated deformed cone, standing a millimeter, or even slightly more, above the depression between 
adjoining corallites. The septa vary between three complete cycles and very nearly four complete 
cycles; common numbers are from thirty-six to a few over forty. The septal cycles are not distinctly 
'Ofvers. K. Svensk. Vet. Akad., Forhandl., Arg. lii, 1895, pp. 628, 629. 
