368 
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 
intercalation of a third row. It is obvious that the tendency to a disposition of the tentacles in rows 
upon shrinkage will be accentuated by the very crowded arrangement of the tentacles peripherally; 
where, as I show to be the case more centrally, the tentacles are less crowded, there is no lateral 
overlapping, and the tentacular apertures are arranged directly behind one another in a single row. 
Even in Stoichactis Jielianthus, where the tentacles are by no means so closely disposed in the living 
polyps, an overlapping arrangement, as if the tentacles arising from each interspace were in a double 
row, is at times presented by preserved polyps. The confusion which Carlgren has introduced simply 
emphasizes how very necessary it is, in dealing with such strongly retractile animals as anemones, that 
the polyps should as far as possible be studied in the living condition, as well as from preserved material. 
Suborder HETERODACTYUN/E. 
Stichodactylinse in which the tentacles are of two forms, usually marginal and accessory, and 
separated by a naked portion of the disk. 
Family PHYMANTHID£ Andres. 
Slichodaclylinse in which the tentacles are of two kinds. Marginal tentacles arranged in several 
alternating entacmseous cycles, laterally tuberculiferous or f rondose ; inner tentacles radially or 
irregularly arranged, very small, tubercular or papilliform. 
Genus PHYMANTHUS Milne-Edwards. 
Phymanthidx in which the column is smooth or provided with longitudinal rows of verruca- in 
its upper part, and usually terminated by a cycle of rounded acrorhagi. Sphincter muscle absent or 
endodermal and very weak. 
Professor Yerrill (1898, p. 496) has suggested that the generic term Epicystis should take the place 
of Phymanthus on the ground that Ehrenberg in 1834 had proposed Epicystis for the Actinia crudfera, 
A. ultramarina, and A. granulifera, all of Lesueur, and that the first was evidently different from 
Milne-Ed wards’s type of the gemis- Phymanthus, viz., P. loligo. Dr. Carlgren (1900a, p. 66), however, 
has shown that this alteration can not be sustained, that Phymanthus crucifer and P. loligo must belong 
to the same genus. 
Phymanthus crucifer (Lesueur). PI. Ill, Fig. 13. 
Actinia crudfera, Lesueur, 1817, p. 174. 
Cereus crucifer (Actinia), Ducliassaing & Michelotti, 1866, p. 125, pi. vi, fig. 13. 
Phymanthus crucifer, Andres, 1883, p. 501; MeMurrich, 1889, p. 51, pi. ir, fig. D; pi. IV, figs. 6-11; Duerden, 1900, p. 139, pi. x, 
fig. 1, 2; pi. xi, figs. 1, 2. 
Epicystis crudfera, Verrill, 1898, p. 496. 
Epicystis osculifera, Verrill, 1900, p. 556 (= Actinia osculif era, Les.). 
Several specimens of this large, handsome anemone are included in the collection, but present a 
very different aspect from that of the polyps in their living condition, when buried in coral sand or 
coral rock with the expanded wavy disk alone visible. The marginal tentacles are greatly shrunk, but 
still display the oro-lateral thickenings, while the disk papillae are very numerous and somewhat 
irregularly arranged. Owing to the absence of any sphincter muscle the polyps on preservation are 
incapable of infolding the disk and tentacles. One example is completely everted. 
External characters. — The basal disk is adherent to rocks and stones, and exhibits coarse radial 
and fine concentric wrinklings, and is a little larger than the proximal region of the column. 
The column is erect, thin-walled, and smooth in living polyps, but preserved specimens are 
wrinkled both vertically and transversely. When alive the polyps enlarge slowly from just above the 
rounded limbus until distally the diameter may be two or three times that below. The upper region 
of the column, along with the periphery of the disk, is sinuous, and in situ this rests upon the surface 
of the sea-floor. It exhibits rows of sucker-like verrucse, corresponding with the principal mesenterial 
interspaces; four to six large verruca: occur in each row, and a few rudimentary examples are continued 
below. A single apical verruca may alternate with the principal rows. A circle of prominent rounded 
acrorhagi occurs at the apex of the column, double in number the rows of verruca-, and alternating 
with the outermost cycle of tentacles. Sometimes a smaller acrorhagus alternates with each of the 
