Record of Geology of Texas, 1 887-1 896. 
57 
Cummins^ W. F. 
section, and the thickness is, therefore, estimated by the known dip of 
the strata, where a section could not be made by actual measurement. 
'Many sections were made at different localities, with the hope of being 
able to secure a continuous section, but there are gaps that can only be 
filled by estimates of thickness, based on dip and the distance occupied 
by the wanting section. Enough, however, has been done to give a very 
correct idea of this formation, which can be worked out more in detail 
in the future.” P. 147. 
67. ^ ^ 
The Permian, of Texas and its overlying Beds. 
First Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Snrv. of 'Texas, 1889, pp. 183- 
197. Ausfin, 1890. 
Contents : Description. The Wichita beds. The Clear Fork beds. 
The Double Mountain beds. Overlying formations. — ^Dockum beds. Blanco 
Canyon beds. Economics. — 'Soils. Fertilizers. Water. Bainfall. Build- 
ing material. Timber. 'Salt. Copper. Iron. Gypsum. 
“It is only intended in this report to give a resume of the work done in 
the Permian formation in Texas, as well as an outline of the leading char- 
acteristics of the formation as I have observed them, and also to draw 
some conclusion in regard to the economics of the district, leaving to a 
future report the work of giving these facts a fuller and more extended 
explanation. 
“The Permian formation in Texas embraces all that territory situated 
between the Coal Measures on the east and the base of the iStaked Plains 
on the west, except a line of di'seonnected hills extending from Comanche 
county to Big 'Springs, ranging along the south side and almost parallel 
- with the line of the Texas and Pacific Dailroad. These hills, at least 
in theii’ upper members, belong to the (Comia,n,che serie's of ‘the Cretia- 
ceous. There are also a few isolated hills north of the line of the Texas 
and Pacific Railroad, such as the Double Mountains in the western part 
of 'Stonewall county, whose tops are capped with the Tocks of the Creta- 
ceous. 
“The extreme southern limit of the Permian formation in Texas is a few 
miles south of iSan Angelo, in Tom Green county. In that locality it is 
only a few miles wide. It is covered on both the east and west sides in 
that vicinity by the Cretaceous. (The formation widens constantly to the 
northward, until at its broadest part it is not less than 150 miles wide. 
“The stratification is conformable with that of the underlying Carbon- 
iferous, and has a general dip to the northwest. 
“The area underlaid by these beds is, as one would naturally suppose 
from the cha;i-acter of materials of which they are made up (mostly sands 
and clays, with interbedded sandstone and limestone), a beautiful rolling 
country, cut here and there by smaller or larger creeks or rivers, with little 
timber save along the streams, with broad valleys in places, and at others 
precipitous canyons. Only where the heavy bedded limestones of the middle 
division occur, or in the massive gypsum deposits of the upper beds, do we 
find any bluffs of considerable height. 
“This formation was first reported as Permian, in 18'5'2, by Profes'sor 
