Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 
223 
350. SiiuMARD, Dr. George G. 
Artesian Water on the Llano Estaeado. 
'Geological Survey of Texas, Bull. Eo. 1, pp. 9, with 2 sections. 
Austin, 1892. 
The Airticle “entitled ‘Artesiiain Water on the Llano Estaeado’ was 
found among the papers of Dr. George G. Shum'ard, which were loaned to 
the present survey by his family. I have been unable to find it in print 
anywhere. Although a very brief statement, it contains facts which are 
very important in their bearing on the artesian water supply of Western 
Texas, and it is, therefore, put into this form in order that it may be 
available.” E. T. Dumble in letter of Transmittal. 
The Report is addressed to Capt. John Pope, Corps Topographical Engin- 
eers, in charge of Pacific Railway Survey, and bears the date of May 1, 
1856. 
351. SiMORDs, Frederic W. 
Floating Sand : An unusual Mode of River Transportation 
(withTahle). 
Amer. Geologist, A^ol. XVII, pp. 29-37. Alimneapolis, 1895. 
Abstract. Sand, mainly quartzose, was seen floating on the surface of 
the Llano river at Bessemer, Texas, Aug. 8, 1895. An investigation of the 
phenomenon followed. Its occurrence elsewhere was ascertained, and 
experiments undertaken to determine how sand may be floated, what sand 
will float, and why sand will float. The experiments, which were carefully 
performed, are minutely described, and the behavior of no less than four- 
teen different . kinds of sand from widel}^ separated localities tabulated. 
The conclusions reached are grouped under six heads, viz.: 
“1. That sand grains will float in perfectly still water for an indefinite 
time. 
“2. That the grains which float are not' necessarily silicious. That 
flakes of mica, fragments of marble, bituminous shale, etc., also float, and 
that some of them, the marble and the bituminous shale, for example, are 
unusually buoyant. 
“3. That the property of floating is not confined to the sand of any par- 
ticular locality, but depends to a considerable extent upon the angularity, 
i. e,, shape of the grains. 
“4. That whether sand will float or not depends, also, upon the mode 
of launching, whether it be by ripple waves, as stated by Mr. Graham, or by 
undermining, it must be gently done, for should the grains be plunged into 
the water with sufiieient force to completely immerse them they will imme- 
diately sink. 
“5. That the natural conditions necessary to the floating of sand in 
hivers are somewhat unusual, depending, in the case of the Llano, upon 
a flood without local rains, and, in -that of the Connecticut, upon the 
manner in which eertain waves strike a sand-bar. It is quite possible, 
however, that floating sand is much more common than is ordinarily sup- 
posed. 
“6. That the physical explanation of the problem is complex rather 
