ii Bimana. MAMMALIA. Bimana. 
tlie Metal Age. They are further subdivided into 
epochs, the first having three and tlie latter two of 
these periods. The first epoch of the Stone Age in- 
cludes the Mammoth, the Cave Bear, and other ex- 
tinct Mammalia. The second epocli, called also the 
Eeindeer Epoch, covers the time when the existing 
species of Reindeer, the Aurochs (European Bison,) 
the Wild Ox, the Musk Ox and the Irish Stag, with 
other smaller animals, were common to the warmer 
portions of Europe, d’o the third epoch is referred 
that portion of the human race which was associated 
with domesticated existing animals. 'J’he latter is 
called the Polished Stone Epoch, in view of the ad- 
vanced state of the art of making and finishing the 
stone implements in use at that time. It is a nota- 
ble fact that the stone implements found in Central 
America and the Antilles, and those exhumed from 
the North American tumuli are, nearly all of them, 
of the same high finish, both in sculpture and polish, 
as the European of this epoch. 
The Metal Age, with its two epochs of Bronze 
and of Iron, brings with it somewhat of a history in 
its monuments, their rude markings and inscriptions, 
and, in the later time, fairly laps upon the historic or 
present period. 
As early as 1823, M. Bon6, an accomplished French 
geologist, found human bones in the undisturbed Loess, 
at Lahr, in the valley of the Rhine, which were shown 
to Cuvier, who, admitting that they were human, could 
not believe they were of any considerable antiquity. In 
the year 1828, human bones and teeth were found in the 
cavern of Bize, in the south of France, with pottery, 
and intermixed with bones of Mammals now extinct. 
'J’hese were all cemented by stalagmite, and exhibited 
the same degree of fossilization. 
In 1833, Dr. Schmerling found in the cave deposits 
of Liege human bones and rude implements of stone ; 
these were associated with the bones of the Elephant, 
Rhinoceros and other Mammals. Schmerling, after 
devoting several years to the exploring of the numer- 
ous ossiferous caverns which border the valley of the 
Meuse and its tributaries, published two volumes, de- 
scriptive of the contents of more than forty caverns. 
Many of these caverns had never before been en- 
tered by scientific observers, and their floors were 
encrusted by unbroken stalagmite. At a very early 
stage of his investigations, Dr. Schmerling found the 
bones of Man so rolled and scattered as to preclude 
all idea of their having been intentionally buried on 
the spot. He also remarked that they wore of the 
same color and in the same condition, as to the 
amount of animal matter contained in them, as those 
of the accompanying animals, some of which, like the 
Cave Bear, Hyena, Elephant and Rhinoceros, were ex- 
tinct ; others, like the Wild Cat, Beaver, Wild Boar, 
Roe-deer, Wolf and Hedgehog, still extant. The fos- 
sils were lighter than fresh bones, except such as had 
their bones filled with carbonate of lime, in which 
case they were often much heavier. The human re- 
mains of most frequent occurrence were teeth de- 
tached from the jaw, and carpal, metacarpal, tarsal, 
metatarsal, and phalangial bones, separated from the 
rest of the skeleton. The corresponding bones of the 
Cave Bear, the most abundant of the accompanying 
Mammalia, were also found in the Li^ge caverns 
more commonly than any other, and in the same scat- 
tered condition. Occasionally, some of the long bones 
of the Mammalia were observed to have been first 
broken across, and then reunited or cemented again 
by stalagmite, as they lay on the floor of the cave. 
No example was discovered of an entire skeleton. 
The incompleteness of each was especially ascer- 
tained in regard to the human subjects. Dr. Schiner- 
ling being careful, whenever a fragment of such 
presented itself, to explore the cavern himself and see 
whether any other bones of the same skeleton could 
be found. In the Engis Cavern, distant about eight 
miles from Lidge, the remains of at least three 
human individuals were disinterred. The skull of 
one of these, that of a young person, was embedded 
by the side of a Mammoth’s tooth. It was entire, 
but so fragile that nearly all of it fell to pieces 
during its extraction. Another skull, that of an 
adult, and the only one preserved by Dr. Schmer- 
ling in a sufficient state of integrity to enable the 
anatomist to speculate on the race to which it 
belonged, was buried five feet deep in a breccia, in 
which a tooth of a Rhinoceros, several bones of a 
Horse, and some of a Reindeer, together with some 
Ruminants, occurred. This skull is now in the 
Museum of the University of Liege, and is familiar 
to science as the Engis Shull. 
After speaking of his first visit to Dr. Schmerling 
in 1833, Sir C. Lyell continues : “ The year after, I cited 
Schmerling’s opinions, and the facts bearing on the 
antiquity of Man, in the third edition of my Princi- 
ples of Geology, and in succeeding editions, without 
pretending to call in question their trustworthiness, 
but, at the same time, without giving them the 
weight which I now consider they were entitled to. 
He had accumulated ample evidence to prove that 
Man had been introduced into the earth at an 
earlier period than geologists were then willing to 
believe. 
“To be let down, as Schmerling was, day after day, 
by a rope tied to a tree, so as to slide to the foot of 
the first opening of the Engis Cave, where the best- 
preserved skulls were found; and, after thus gaining 
access to the first subterranean gallery, to creep 
on all fours through a contracted passage leading 
to larger chambers, there to superintend by torch- 
light, week after week and year after year, the work- 
men who were breaking through the stalagmitic 
crust as hard as marble, in order to remove, piece by 
piece, the underlying bone breccia nearly as hard ; 
to stand for hours with one’s feet in the mud, and 
with water dripping from the roof on one’s head, in 
order to mark the position and guard against the 
loss of each single bone of a skeleton ; and at length, 
after finding leisure, strength and courage for all 
these operations, to look forward, as the fruit of 
one’s labor, to the publication of unwelcome intelli- 
gence, opposed to the prepossessions of the scientific 
as well as to the unscientific public; — when these 
circumstances are taken into account, we need 
scarcely wonder that a passing traveler failed to 
