viii Bimana. MAMMALIA. Quadrumana. 
the superciliary ridges. Of a fragment of another, 
the autlior remarks : “ It is undoubtedly the most 
remarkable hitherto observed. It is so far anomalous 
that I shall hereafter omit to compare it with exist- 
ing types.” Several other crania have been observed 
in the Western mounds which, by their small capa- 
city and peculiar conformation, add materially to the 
evidence in favor of the relationship of the Aztecs 
and kindred people of Mexico. 
“ The first pages of a work t)y MM. Quatrefages, enti- 
tled Crania Etlinica, are devoted to a consideration 
of the so-called fossil races of Man, which, however 
peculiar in their general character, the authors main- 
tain to be still persistent in various parts of the world. 
'I’his they call the Canstadt Race, from the fact that 
its first discovery was at Canstadt, in 1700, as the 
result of certain investigations undertaken by the 
Duke Ludwig, of Wiii temburg. fi’he importance of the 
specimen — a fragment of human remains — though it 
was figured by Jager and Raas, has only recently been 
recognized, and it is brought forward prominently in 
this work. 'I’he essential characters of the Canstadt 
skulls, like those of Neanderthal, Engisheim and 
Denise, are a remarkable flattening of the cranial 
vault, a backward projection of the posterior region 
of the cranium, a development, sometimes enormous, 
of the frontal sinuses, and the very oblique directioti 
of the forehead, the depression of the parietals in 
their postero-internal third, etc. These characteris- 
tics are very much reduced in the female sex. Thus, 
the superciliary ridges disappear almost entirely, the 
projection of the occipital is much less marked, but 
the flattening of the cranial vault, and some other 
characters, are persistent. 'I'he term Dolicho-platy- 
cephalic has been applied to this cranial type, so well 
marked is the aggregate of its characters. The 
authors consider the question of atavism, but are de- 
cidedly of opinion that this form of cranium is not at 
all incompatible with an intellectual development 
equal to that of a less exceptional condition.” — Baird. 
Order II.— QUADRUMANA. 
The Quadrumanes, or four-handed animals, having 
the hind limbs formed for grasping, like the anterior, 
are mostly confined to the inter-tropical regions. In 
two instances they are found without the limits. In 
Paraguay a species is known, and a late discovery 
locates an Old World form in Northern India. During 
the late Franco-Pi’ussian War, Abbe , a French 
Jesuit, was traveling in India, and procured in'l'hibet 
several rare specimens of animals. Among them the 
abbe noticed a Monkey that is altogether new, and 
in this locality far out of the usual abode of the Quad- 
rumanes. On reaching Europe he disposed of the 
prize to an agent of the American Museum, in Cen- 
tral Park, New York, where it now is. 'I'his places 
animals of this Order farther North than any have 
been known to exist heretofore. Two principal di- 
visions are made in this Older: the Catarrhine 
Monkeys include those having the nostrils near each 
other; the term, being from the Greek, refers to this 
character. 'J'hey are all Old World forms. Other 
characters are peculiar to them, as the callous de- 
velopment on the buttocks, or over the ischial portion 
of the pelvis ; the skeleton shows a broad, flattened 
process at the extremities. There are curious pouches 
in the cheek, which are not seen in those of the New 
World Monkeys. It is this development of the cheek 
that enables the Catarrhine Monkey to fill his neck 
with food, as is seen sometimes to a ludicrous extent. 
The Anthropoid or Man-like Apes are at the head of 
this group, represented by the Gorilla, Chimpanzee, 
and Orang. 'J’he Platyrrhine Monkeys are all of the 
New World, and are cliaracterized by having prehen- 
sile tails in most cases, and two extra teeth in each 
jaw, the whole number being thirty -six, the Catar- 
rhines having only thirty-two. 'I’hey are further dis- 
tinguished by having no callosities on the ischium, 
and no cheek pouches. 
FOSSIL QUADRUMANA. 
The first fossil of the Quadrumanousform was found 
in the Himalayas, in 1836. It belongs to the genus 
Semnopithecus. A fossil tooth was unearthed in the 
Pliocene beds of Essex, England, which is closely 
allied to the Macacus sinicus. In 1839, Lund, who 
made extensive explorations in the bone caverns of 
Brazil, found the remains of a Monkey of great size, 
four feet in height, associated with bones of other 
animals. These were in the Pliocene of the lime- 
stone formation, in which so many large excavations 
are found. This was described as a new genus — Pro- 
topithecus. Remains of a small Monkey, closely 
allied to the Gibbons, were found by M. Lartet in the 
Miocene of the south of France. 
A portion of the lower jaw, with teeth, and a shaft 
of a humerus of a Quadrumane, equaling in size those 
of Man, were discovered in St. Gaudens, France, in 
the upper Miocene. 'I'his form is nearly allied to the 
Gibbons, and has the generic title Dryopithecus. 
At a time when some government excavations were 
being made in Greece, there were found twenty skulls 
of Monkeys, with the jaws and other bones in such a 
condition that M. Gandray was enabled to make a 
drawing of the whole skeleton. 'I’his was named the 
Mesopithecus ; having some features in common with 
the two genera, Semnopithecus and Macacus. 
Among the recent discoveries made by the natu- 
ralists of the U. S. Exploring Expeditions in Western 
North America, are remains of animals which indicate 
a close alliance with the Quadi'umanes of the Old World. 
In Hayden’s Repoi’l of the Geologiccd Survey of the 
Territories (1872.) Prof. Cope says : “ In the Proceed- 
ings of the American Philosophical Society, 1872, 
the writer described a species of Quadrumanous Mam- 
mal, under the name of Anaptomorphus aemulus. 
