Quadsumana. MAMMALIA. Quadeumana. 
IX 
comparing its dental and other characters with those 
of Simia. In the American Journal of Science and 
Art, for November, 1872, Prof. 0. 0. Marsh announced 
that he believed that three genera previously described 
by him, viz., Thinolestes, Limnotherium, and Telma- 
tolestes, were referable to the Quadrumana, saying 
that they ‘ have the principal parts of the skeleton 
much as in some of the Lemurs.’ Prior to either of 
these determinations, the author described a new 
genus and species, as allied to Notharctus (Leidy), 
under the name of Tomitherium, but made no sugges- 
tion as to its ordinal position. On re-examination of 
the last-named genus, I am satisfied that it should 
also be referred to the Quadrumana.” Prof. Cope 
gives a description of the generic characters, and then 
adds : “We have, then, an animal with a long thigh 
free from the body, a fore-foot capable of complete 
pronation and supination, and a form of lower jaw 
and teeth quite similar to that of the lower Monkeys. 
’I'he form of the humerus and its relative length to 
the femur are quite as in some of the Lemurs.” ’I'he 
species is Tomitherium rostratum (Cope), and is 
judged to have been about the size of the prehensile- 
tailed Monkeys of South America. These remains 
were found near Churcli Buttes, Wyoming. Under 
the generic title Notharctus, Prof. Cope describes a 
species — N. longicaudus — “which probably associates 
characters of the lower Quadrumana with Cercoleptes 
and other types.” 
Anaptomorphus semulus, previously mentioned, is 
described as a species about as large as a Marmoset, 
or Red Squirrel. “ The dentition is more typically 
Quadrumanous in this genus than in the last, and it 
might be referred decidedly to Lemuridse, were it 
not for the unossified symphysis. It no doubt repre- 
sents a distinct group or family from Tomitherium, 
and one more nearly related to the existing types of 
Madagascar and South Africa.” 
Family — CEBIDiE. 
In accordance with the system adopted by Gray in 
the British Museum, the Monkeys of the New World 
are arranged under nineteen genera, two of which are 
fossil, and extinct. These genera are all included in 
one Family — the Cebidm — which is subdivided into 
numerous Tribes. This Family embraces all American 
Monkeys. The term Gebus or Kebos is from the Greek, 
simply meaning Monkey ; there is, then, no special 
signification to the word, any more than there is to 
the term which is applied in a general way to the Old 
World Monkeys, the Simiadm meaning the same. 
The Cebidm, as we have seen, differ in several im- 
portant particulars from the Simiadm. 'J'he presence 
of an extra number of molars, a broad and distinct 
nasal septum, the absence of cheek pouches and cal- 
losities are notable, as well as the fact that many of 
them have the tail most remarkably developed into 
an extra clasping member, which practically serves as 
a fifth hand, suiting most admirably their arboreal 
life. The thumb in these Monkeys is not completely 
opposable with the fingers, and in several instances 
is wholly absent. Curiously, there are cases where 
the thumb is developed more or lesson one hand, and 
VOL 1.— h. 
completely absent on the other. The forest regions 
of tropical America are the favorite localities of these 
Monkeys, their range extending from the southern 
portion of Mexico to about the thirtieth parallel ot 
South latitude. 
Monkeys of the New World are more numerous in 
species than any other form, spreading over a wide 
extent of country, some two thousand miles from East 
to West, and six to eight hundred from North to 
South. The conditions of life are similar in all this 
range, and furnish, particularly with the arboreal 
character, a secure and natural retreat for a class of 
animals that would be nearly helpless without them. 
The Howling Monkeys (Mycetes), and the Spider 
Monkeys (Ateles), are eminently of this group. The 
Cebidm are not entirely dependent upon the friendly 
shelter of the forest ; some, even, are adapted for a 
life upon the broad areas of broken hillocks. The 
most northern limit of the Quadrumanes on this Con- 
tinent is now placed at a parallel of 23° North lati- 
tude, or the Tropic of Cancer. This is also the 
limit of the Quadrumana of the Old World, with the 
exception, noted previously, of the new Macaque from 
Northern Thibet. The geographical distribution ot 
the South American Monkeys is sharply defined in 
many instances. There are none found, for example, 
west of the Andes until, in going northward, we 
reach Guayaquil. Tschudi describes twenty-two spe- 
cies as occurring in Peru, but he carefully defines the 
regions in which they are found. The whole number 
occur in the forest region east of the Cordilleras. In 
many instances the locality of South American Mon- 
keys is given as Peru, simply ; in these cases it is 
meant that the particular region lies east of the Cor- 
dilleras. A. certain amount of isolation is produced by 
the great rivers ; when there are no friendly trees upon 
which they may cross to interlacing branches, they 
seem to be restrained from passing the barrier. In 
the case of large rivers there is a marked difference 
in the distribution on each side respectively. A large 
number of the Family Cebidm were at one time in- 
cluded in the group called Hapalidm. 
The Cebidm are arranged as follows : 
Tribe I.— MYCETINA. 
This tribe is characterized by a pyramidical head 
and an oblique face, a gibbous chin, and crop covered 
with long, rigid hairs. The canine teeth are large ; 
the lower jaw very much dilated behind. The os 
hyoides is very large and spongy. The thumb is dis- 
tinctly formed ; claws are convex, and the tail very 
long. They are ferocious and noisy at night. Their 
food consists principally of leaves of trees, on which 
they constantly live. In the genus Mycetes the fin- 
gers are very long, the tail exceedingly strong, and the 
face and lower part of the body naked. A most re- 
markable feature in these Monkeys is the hollow bony 
vessel in the throat, which is formed by an enlarge- 
ment of the hyoid bone ; by this arrangement of the 
vocal organs the creature is enabled to produce a 
hideous howling noise. They are large and heavy, and 
possess complete prehensile tails. Their special range 
is from East Guatemala to Paraguay. 
