Carnivoba. MAMMALIA. Carnivora. xxxv 
the Pliocene Epocli. Some bones have been found 
in tlie Mauvaises Terres, east of tlie Rocky Moun- 
tains. All that were deposited before tlie Glacial 
Epoch are regarded as belonging to a different type 
from that of existing Carnivores. 
Pamiuv — URSIDJU. 
Tills small group includes the Bear-like forms em- 
braced ill the genera Gulo, Taxidea, Procyon, Nasua 
and Cercoleptes. 'i’hey are small in size, and differ 
from the true Bears in having longer tails. 
Gui.o. — Storr. 
In this genus, which has but one existing species 
(allowing the American and European to be identical), 
there are thirty-eight teeth. The molars are five in 
number above, and six below. The lower sectorial 
tooth lias no internal tubercle. 'I’he soles are densely 
hairy, and furnished with six small, naked pads. The 
tail is nearly equal to the head in length, and is very 
bushy. The body is stout, and has quite the aspect 
of the true Bears. In the essential features of denti- 
tion and general structure, the genus Gulo is like the 
Martens and AVeasels, though differing greatly in 
shape. The hairy under surfaces of its paws, and its 
being only partially plantigrade, have served to place 
it among the latter, in the arrangement of some 
authors. Baron Cuvier, however, regarded it and 
other genera included in this group, as having a place 
here, among the Ursidm. 
Fossil remains of Gulo have been found in the bone 
caves of Germany and in France. Two species were 
enumerated, but Baron Cuvier considered them as 
belonging to existing species. 
THE WOLVERINE {Gulo lusctis, Zi/m.)— Plate 11, 
fig. 36. — This is the Mustek gulo of Linnmus, Ursus 
gulo of Schreber, C. borealis of Nilsson, Keyserling 
and Wagner. It is identical with the Glutton of 
Europe, and was first described by Linnmus as Ursus 
gulo, and afterwards as U. luscus. For a time it was 
regarded as distinct in species from the European 
animal. The Wolverine is an inhabitant of the colder 
regions of the two continents, though it is occasion- 
ally seen in Northern New York. In the Rocky 
.Mountains it is common ; and it has been seen in 
some parts of Missouri. The most southern locality 
known is the basin of the great Salt Lake. Fabulous 
accounts are extant concerning the ferocity of this 
creature. In this country it is principally notori- 
ous for depredations among the traps of the Marten 
hunters, whose bait, and even captured prizes, it 
frequently purloins. In the districts north of Raquette 
Lake, in New York State, it is yet occasionally 
seen. The celebrated John Hunter, a half breed 
among the Indians of Canada, calls this creature 
gwing-gwali-gay , which, he says, means a “ tough 
thing,” or, a “hard character,” referring undoubtedly 
to its character and disposition. 'I'he Wolverine was 
formeily found as far south as Carolina. It is rare 
in all regions. Prof. Emmons states that it still 
exists in the Hoosac Mountains, Massachusetts. 
'I’hough having a reputation for ferocity, it is said 
to flee from Man quite willingly, and the hunter 
requires little else but a stout staff to kill it. 
The Glutton feeds on small quadrupeds, and, as we 
have seen, when pushed by hunger, readily resorts to 
dead carcasses of the traps. In general aspect this crea- 
ture is not unlike a Bear, and Linnaeus, on that account, 
placed it under the title Ursus. It is not often seen 
alive in collections. A specimen was kept in the Zoo- 
logical Society’s Gardens, in London, where an oppor- 
tunity was offered to study its habits to a certain extent. 
Itwas said to have rather a good-humored aspect, except 
when it showed its teeth. It was restless, and climbed 
the trees with ease, playing upon the branches with 
considerable skill and freedom. The young are said 
to make their appearance about May — the litter num- 
bering from two to four at birth. Its specific charac- 
ters are seen in its dark brown hair, black tail and 
legs (save the base), a lighter broad band on the flanks, 
which passes over the base of the tail and rump, and 
a grizzled light patcli along the temples. The head 
is pointed somewhat, as in the Be.ars. The muffle is 
naked for about a half an inch from the end of the 
snout. The eyes are very small ; the ears, also, are small 
and concealed in the fur. The feet are large and 
strong ; these, with the legs, are striking characters, 
giving it much of the ursine aspect that is noticeable 
in this species. The claws are very large, sharp and 
curved, the fore-feet being more formidably armed. 
The soles are densely covered with stiff hairs. The 
I color is pretty uniform dark purplish-brown ; the 
sides of the neck, and a spot between the legs, are 
white. The length of the Wolverine is about thirty- 
six inches from nose to root of tail ; the vertebral 
tail, nine inches ; the hair of the tip, five inches more. 
Taxidea. — Waterhouse. 
'I’his genus is characterized by having a stout, 
robust and depressed body, a short tail and remarkably 
large and fossorial claws. The posterior upper molar 
is very large and subtrlangular. T'he skull is wedge- 
shaped. The dentition is : Incisors, ; Canines, 
} ; Fremolars, (including the upper sectorial) ; 
Molars, (including lower sectorial) ; = 32 teeth. 
In young specimens there is an additional premolar 
(first), which soon disappears; this adds 1 — 1 jire- 
molar to the lower jaw, making 34 in all. This genus 
is common to North America only. Two species are 
known — one in Mexico, and the other inhabits the 
Western U. S.and British Columbia. Skulls brought 
from Mexico and California were examined by Water- 
house, and he established the genus, erroneously re- 
garding the British-American species as identical 
with the present. It is regarded as astonishing that 
this animal should have been confounded with IMeles 
of the Old AVorld. The most noticeable feature in 
'I’axidea is in the occipital region, which is greatly 
expanded, the width being equal to that of the skull. 
The skull of Melesismore like Procyon than Taxidea. 
In the latter the occipital crests are well developed, 
the saggital only moderately. The differences be- 
tween tliese two forms are seen also in the teeth, 
though they have the same number. 
Under the term Badger, Alurray records “ three and 
