Cabnivora. MAMMALIA. Carnivora. xxxix 
Fossil, Extinct Ursid.®. 
In the Pliocene of Prance, a Form oF Ursus was 
Found to be different from any of tlie present living 
genera, and lias been named Jlytenarctos. 'I'liis also 
appears in the Upper Miocene of the same localities. 
It is as large as tlie skeleton of the Gave Bear ( Ursus 
spelmus), and has characters approaching those of the 
Hyaenas. In the Siwalik Hills of North Western 
India, this form is found in the Upper Miocene de- 
posits. In the 'I’ertiary Period, in America, the TJr- 
sidm are represented by one form — an extinct genus 
from the Pliocene of Nebraska — called Leptarchus. 
The Post Pliocene of the Brazilian Caves of South 
America has furnished nearly all we have of that 
continent. These caves are numbered by thousands ; 
they are in the limestone of the province of Minas- 
Geraes, a district near the head-water of the San 
Francisco River, in Central Brazil. Only sixty of the 
thousands visited contained bones in any cjuantity. 
They have a floor of reddish earth. “ In one experi- 
ment,” says Dr. Lund, “ half a cubic foot of this earth 
contained jaws of 200 Opossums, 2000 Mice, besides 
remains of Bats, Porcupines and small Birds. In 
another trial the whole of the earth in a cavern was 
carried out for examination, amounting to 6552 firkins ; 
and, from calculation made by measured samples, it 
was estimated to contain nearly seven millions of jaw 
bones of Cavies, Oiwssums. Porcupines, Mice and 
other small Mammals and Birds and Reptiles. 'I'his 
immense accumulation is believed to have been formed 
from the bodies of animals brought into the caves by 
Owls ; and, as these are unsocial Birds, the quantity 
found implies an immense lapse of time. More than 
an hundred species of Mammals, in all, were found in 
these caves. Some were living species, or closely 
allied to such, but the majority were extinct, and a 
considerable number — about one fourth — belonged to 
extinct genera, or genera not now inhabiting South 
America. Stone implements were found, in connec- 
tion with human remains, in several of the caves, with 
extinct animals. Fossil extinct Ursidm were repre- 
sented here by a form called Arctotherium, which is 
closely like the genus containing the Spectacled Bear 
of Chili. The Hysenarctos is found in the Pliocene 
of the Pampas and in Patagonia. 
A remarkable series of bones have been found in the 
Miocene beds of Europe and in the Siwalik Hills, which 
are allied to both Dog and Bear ; they have been given 
the tamily name Arctocyonidm. The genus Amphycion 
is a member of this family. Prof. Owen regards this 
as the forerunner of the Plantigrade tribe. The latter 
was found in the Miocene beds of the south of France. 
In the Miocene of Epplescheim a smaller species has 
been found, which has been referred to the Wolverine 
genus, under the name of Gulo’ diaphorus. During 
the Pliocene Epoch, the Bears seem to have been ex- 
ceedingly numerous. The great Cave Bear was very 
abundant in Central Europe and Southern Russia. 
In the British Museum are crania of great dimen- 
sions, indicating an enormous beast, exceeding by far 
the present Polar species. Remains of a different 
form have been found in Spain. One resembles the 
present Bear of the Pyrenees. In North America 
the Pliocene of Illinois has furnished an extinct form, 
called Ursus priscus. U. amplidens is from the same 
formation. Arctodus is an e.xtinct genus, recorded as 
lately found in North America. 
THE GRIZZLY BEAR [Ursus horribilis, Ord ). — 
'J'his is eminently the superior of all the Carnivorous 
animals of this continent, both in size and in its 
dreaded attributes, for Ephraim, as he is familiarly 
termed by the trapper, is too fond of attacking Man 
without provocation. T'his being true, it affords 
almost the only instance of the kind known, all other 
animals readily or instinctively avoiding the gaze of 
Man. The Grizzly Bear derives its name From the 
occasional silvery and grizzled appearance of its coat, 
the latter being extremely variable, sometimes bearing 
a chestnut-brown, and in the others ranging from 
that to a steel-gray. Its coat is very thick and heavy, 
and in the young animal actually hangs in long masses 
from its sides. 'I’he fore-limbs of the creature are 
enormously powerful, the paws being, in the adult, 
eighteen inches in length, and armed with sharp non- 
retractile claws five inches in length. T’he length of 
a full-grown adult averages between six and seven 
feet, and its weight eight hundred pounds. In the 
collection of the American Museum, at Central Park, 
N. Y., is a specimen of this size, which was captured 
by the Prince IMaximilian, while travelling in the 
West. A fine living specimen, in the Zoological 
Collection at the same place, shows the fur of a dark 
chestnut color, and very thick. The specific charac- 
ters of the Grizzly are : Extreme size; tail shorter 
than the ears; hair coarse, darkest near the tips, with 
light tips ; an erect mane between the shoulders ; 
feet very large ; fore-claws twice as long as the hinder 
ones ; a dark dorsal stripe from occiput to tail, and 
another lateral one on each side along the flanks, ob- 
scured and nearly concealed by the light tips ; the in- 
tervals between the stripes are lighter; all the hairs 
on the body, brownish-yellow or hoary at tips ; region 
around ears dusky ; legs nearly black ; muzzle pale, 
without a darker dorsal stripe. The range of the 
Grizzly Bear is considerable, yet not so extensive as 
that of the Black Bear ; it is met with first on the 
Missouri, above Fort Pierre, and is more abundant 
higher up the river, particularly on the Yellow- 
stone. Along the region bordering the Rocky Moun- 
tains it is common, and extend.s southward as far 
as Mexico. A variety from Sonora and the copper 
mines of New IMexico is described by Prof. Baird as 
U. horriaceus. 
'i'hat the Grizzly Bear does not always give chase 
to Man is proven by Mr. Audubon, in his various ac- 
counts. While making an extended tour through the 
wilds of the eastern regions of the Rocky IMountains, 
in company with Mr. Bell, of New York (from whom 
we have heard the narrative), he came upon a large 
male Grizzly, and, after the members of the party had 
each discharged several shots, they captured him. 
On the same day they fell in with another, swimming 
towards a carcass of a Buffalo, which had caught ou 
a snag in the stream. On seeing the party, the Bear 
immediately stood erect, as is its invariable habit, 
