Carnivoua. IIAMMALIA. 
lARSIVOEA. 
liii 
covered the remains of the Aruclimrodus in tlie Ih-a- 
zilian caves, and expresses the opinion that they are 
of tlie same age as tliose of Europe, viz.: the Plio- 
cene, subsequent to tlie Glacial hlpoch. 'I’lie band 
of territory extending, with interruptions, along the 
line of tlie Missouri and the Mississippi Rivers, from 
the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico to the 
Arctic Ocean, is prolific in the remains of extinct 
animals. That portion along the iMissouri River — 
the Mauvaises Terres — has furnished enormous quan- 
tities of bones, a large jiortion of which are of extinct 
forms. The range of these Feline beasts of a by-gone 
age must have been considerable on each side of this 
long Tertiary belt, extending, probably, towards the 
Atlantic seaboard. 
“'J’he teeth of iMachaerodns are long, curved and 
compressed, with usually a trenchant and serrated 
edge behind and before; whence the name, ‘sabre- 
toothed Tigers,’ applied to the group, which has been 
divided into three genera, viz. : Dropanodon (from 
the Greek, a scimitar); Smilodon (from the Greek, a 
chisel or graver); and Maclnerodus. l\[any species 
have been described from the Middle and Later 'I’er- 
tiary and the Qnarternary deposits of Europe, Asia, 
North and South America. 'I’lie dental formula is 
the same as in the Fats, viz. : Incisors, §-§ ; Canines, 
j--}-; Premolars, |-| ; Molars, = 30 teeth. 'I'lie 
sectorial or flesh tooth is the last premolar in the 
upper jaw and the true molar of the lower jaw. 'I'he 
true molar of the upper jaw is a tubercular tooth. 
'I’he lower canines are small. 'I’he incisor teeth are 
larger and longer than in the Cats.” — 3larsh. 
A species from the iMauvaises Terres of Dakota is 
named M. primsevus, which is somewhat smaller than 
the living Cougar or I’nma. ' 'I’he skull resembles 
that of the latter quite closely; the orbit, however, 
is smaller, and the brain-case is less in capacity. 'I’he 
fore part of the lower jaw, below the symphysis, is 
prolonged downward for the protection of the large 
upper canines when the mouth is closed. A larger 
species is recognized, from more imperfect remains, 
from the same locality of the Miocene 'I’ertiary. In 
the Siwalik Hills of India another Miocene species 
is found, and is called M. sivalensis. Another, from 
the 'I’ertiary of V al d’Arno. is a large species, the ujjper 
canines measuring eight and a half inches along the 
anterior curve. From the Quarternary of Kent’s 
Hole, in England, a species, called M. latidens, was 
exhumed, and this is thought to have ec[ualled the 
largest 'i'iger of the present species in size. A still 
larger and more powerful one, named M. neogaeus, 
was discovered in the Quarternary deposits of the 
Brazilian caves. In this species, the canines project- 
ed about eight inches from their sockets. 'I’he later 
species of Machcerodus were, without douljt, coeval 
with Man ; but the group became extinct before the 
commencement of the Historic Period. 
Felis. — 'I'his existing family is represented in the 
bone caves of Europe by an extinct species — the F. 
spelma. Nearly every cave in Europe has remains of 
this extinct animal. It is known as the Cave Lion, 
its specific name indicating its usual locality. Its 
remains are exceedingly abundant, associated with 
those of the larger cpiadrupeds. In size it differs but 
little from the existing species, and in other respects 
nearly corresponds to them. 'I’lie bone caves of Eng- 
land are stored with the remains of great numbers of 
this and other mammals, whose living representatives 
are now known to require a much warmer tempera- 
ture. It is inferred, therefore, that the climate has 
changed very materially. Felis aphanista is a much 
larger species, found originally in the Miocene sands 
of Epplesheim. 'I’he beds of Hansans, in France, have 
furnished a smaller species. Several teeth, in frag- 
ments of upper jaws and portions of the lower jaw, 
indicate a species of 'Tiger apparently different from 
any previously described. 'The specimens were dis- 
covered by Prof. Hayden, during Lieut. AYarren's 
E.xpedition in 1857, on the Loup Fork of the Nio- 
brara River, Nebraska. 'They belong to the Pliocene 
'I’ertiary formation, and the species is called F. au- 
gustus. Felis imperialis is a species determined from 
fragments of jaw found in San Leandro, California. 
'I’he specimen indicates a species equal in size to the 
largest living Bengal 'I’iger. Felis exilis is a species 
found by Dr. Lund in the Brazilian caverns, and another 
from the same locality is called Felis protopanther. 
Felis atrox is from the Aliocene of the Mauvaises 
'I’erres, Missouri. In the Upper iMiocene of Pikermi, 
near Athens, in Greece, M. Gaudray collected a large 
number of genera and species of extinct mammals, 
among which were four species of Felis, ranging from 
the size of a Oat to that of the Jaguar. 'The widely- 
distributed Machmrodus was associated with them. 
'I’he Siwalik hills of India furnish several extinct 
Feline forms, and the same is true of other Asiatic 
regions. I’he Post Pliocene of America has two 
species as large as the living Lion. 
Trucifelis is a form of Felidce as large as the 
present Lion, lately discovered in 'Texas. 
Oxycuna, consisting of several s])ecies, some as 
large as the Jaguar, was allied to Hyrenodon and 
Pterodon. 'I’hese were discovered in the 'Tertiary of 
New Mexico. 
Pacliymna is another form allied to the preceding, 
and found in the same deposits. 
Cynmlurus, the genus containing the Hunting 
Leopard of India, is represented in the Brazilian 
caves by an extinct species smaller than the living- 
one. It is associated with five species of Felis and 
the widespread Machaerodus. 
Family — Hy.^N ID JE. 
'I’his family is not represented in America by pres- 
ent living forms nor by extinct fossil remains, as far 
as is known. 'I’he genus Tlyaenodon. found in the- 
Niobrara districts of the AYestern United States, as 
well as in Europe, is of anothei- family, bearing a 
name which only signifies Hyaena-like tooth. 'I’he 
Hyaenas are strictly African. AYallace accords them 
one genus and three species. Other authors intro- 
duce the term Protelis as the generic name of the 
Aard AYolf, and thus make two genera. 'I’he typical 
name Hyaena signifies, in Greek, a Sow. Fossil re- 
mains of Hyaenas have been found in Europe and in 
