liv 
Cahnivoka. MAMMALIA.- 
JARNIVOBA. 
the Himalayas. The Cave Hyaena is a notable one, 
and abundant in the caves of England. In the Mio- 
cene of Europe occur quite distinct genera, which 
have been named Hyaenictis and Lycaena — tlie latter 
from the Upper Miocene of Greece. Ictitherium is 
another, supposed to be intermediate between tlie 
ViverridcB and Hymnidm, and Hialassictis, which 
unites the Weasels and Hyaenas. 
Family— OANIDtE. 
Members of this family are pretty evenly dis- 
tributed over this continent and Asia. Europe and 
Africa have few. 'I’he proportion of species to tlie 
several continents is given by one author as follows : 
Europe and Asia, fifteen ; North America, ten ; South 
America, nine ; and Africa, eight. A number of these 
species are found in more than one country; Europe 
has five, four of which are in A sia, Africa and America. 
In Australia the sole representative known is the 
Dingo, which, being the only non-marsupial of any 
considerable size in the country, it is thought that it 
may have been introduced. Wallace enumerates 
three genera, seventeen sub-genera, and fifty-four 
species. In many respects the Dogs resemble the 
Hyaenas more closely than the Cats ; ■ they have, for 
instance, non-retractile claws. 
The characters of Oanidce. are given by Prof. Owen 
as follows: “The inci.sors are in a series, forming 
the segment of a circle, and increase progressively in 
size from the first to the third or outer one; the 
trenchant margin of the crown is divided by two 
notches into a large middle and two lateral lobes, 
the inner lobe being obsolete in the exteimal incisor. 
'I’he premolars have strong, sub-compressed conical 
crowns, gradually enlarging posteriorly, and acquiring- 
one or two accessory posterior lobes with the in- 
crease in size. 'J'he fourth upper premolar is the 
sectorial tooth, and is much larger than the one an- 
terior to it; its blade is divided into two cones by a 
wide notch, the anterior cone being the strongest 
and most produced. 'J’he tubercle is developed from 
the inner side of the base of this lobe. The first and 
second upper molars are tuberculate ; each supports 
two external cusps and a broad internal basal, sub- 
tuberculate talon. 'I'he second molar is less than half 
the size of the first. 'I'he first true molar below is 
the sectorial one; the blade is divided by a vertical 
linear fissure into two cones, the posterior the largest ; 
behind this the base of the crown extends into a 
broad, quadrate, tuberculate talon, 'i’he second molar 
has two anterior cusps on the same transverse line, 
and a posterior broad, flat talon ; the last lower 
molar is the smallest of all the teeth, 'i'he incisors, 
canines and first lu-emolars have each a single fang ; 
the second and third premolars above, and all pre- 
molars and molars below, have two fangs, except the 
last lower molar, which has Imt one. 'I’he upper 
sectorial or fourth premolar, and the last upper true 
molar, have three fangs. 'I'he first upper true molar 
has four fangs.” 'I’he deciduous dentition of Ganidm 
is : Incisors, | -|; Canines, ; Molars, ; = 28. 
The more conspicuous characters, as distinguished 
from the Cats, are seen in the elongated muzzle, 
pointed and erect ears, smaller eyes, longer hair and 
bushy tail. 'I'here is a difference observable in the 
eyes of some of this group, the Wolves having the 
pupils round, while the Foxes have them elliptical. 
Burmeister has pointed out an important distinction 
in the form of the post-orbital process of the frontal 
bone. In Wolves it is triangular, and convex on its 
upper surface, rounding outwards and downwards, 
with the point extending below the plane of the inter- 
orbital space. In the Foxes this is hardly convex 
above ; in some instances it is concave, and the 
point scarcely dips at all. It is a notable fact that 
all vSouth American forms of the Fox-like animals 
have the Wolf type of structure; their pupils being 
nearly circular. 
Sub-Family— LUPIN AH. 
'J’he Canine animals have been grouped into two 
quite natural sub-families, the Lupines or Wolves, 
which, according to later authors, include all the 
South American forms, being called Lupinae, and all 
the true Foxes are the Vulpinm. 'I’his sub-family is 
characterized as having a very convex post-orbital 
process to the frontal bone, which curves downwards, 
with little or no indentation or depression in its upper- 
surface. 
Oanis. — Linn. 
'I’he generic characters of Canis are essentially 
that of the sub-family. Burmeister has separated 
the Fox-like Wolves of South America, calling the 
groups, respectively, Lycalopex and Pseudolopex. If 
this arrangement be adopted, there should be some 
modification in the statement of generic characters. 
'J’he pupils in this case are entirely circular and large, 
the tail rather short, in distinction from the smaller 
size — long tail, slender muzzle, and pupil varying from 
round to elliptical. 'Phe arrangement of Prof. Baird, 
in recording the North American species, has been 
followed, and reference made to Dr. Gray’s paper 
{Proc. Zobl. Society, London, 1868,) in treating of the 
South American forms. 
North American Canid je. 
GRAY WOLF {Canis occidentalis, Be Kay; Lupus 
occidentalis, Cray). — According to Richardson, who 
is considered the best authority on this subject, a 
striking difference is seen in the general aspect of the 
European and American Wolves, which were con- 
sidered at one time merely varieties of one species. 
He says : “'I’he American Wolf of the northern dis- 
tricts is covered with long and comparatively fine 
fur. Its form is more robust than the European ; its 
muzzle is thicker and more obtuse ; its head larger 
and rounder ; and there is a sensible depression at 
the union of the nose and forehead. Its forehead is 
more arched. 'I’he ears are shorter and wider; and 
several other points are noticeable wherein a differ- 
ence exists. In the European Wolf the fur is coarser, 
with less of the soft wool which is found under the 
long, soft hair of the other. Its ears stand higher, 
and appear to be nearer together. Its loins are more 
