Ixxvi Pinnipedia. MAMMALIA. Pinnipedia. 
tlie feet are reddish or black. 'I’he young are a pale 
yellow, varied with darker irregular patches ; length 
18 inches. The latter is in the British Museum. 
'I'lie Falkland Islands and Cape Horn are regarded 
as its principal localities. 
Arctocephalus. 
'I’his genus is established by F. Cuvier for several 
forms which come under the designation of Fur 
Seals. 'I'he species have an under fur, which is 
nearly concealed by the coarser and stiff, bristle- 
like liair which covers the whole body. Commercially, 
these Seals are very important, their capture giving 
occupation to a large number of the inhabitants of 
the north-west coast. 'I’he characters are seen in the 
face of the skull being elongate, and the forehead flat ; 
the palate is concave, particularly in front, with a 
thickened margin on each side near the teeth, and 
then narrowed behind ; the internal nasal opening- 
elongate, longer than broad, narrow and arched in 
front, edge in a line with the orbital process of the 
zygomatic arch, which is large and well developed, 
'i’he flaps of 'the toes are moderately large. Cray 
examined an adult skull of this species, from Cape 
Horn, and states that the fifth hinder grinder has 
only very short rounded callous roots, which are 
slightly divided into two lobes, and the hinder sixth 
upper grinder seems to have a root of a similar 
character, in the skulls of the older (which are not 
adult, as they have the sutures between the bones 
still distinct) the fifth and sixth upper grinders have 
two distinct diverging roots. 
A section is here instituted by Gray, which in- 
cludes those forms that have the fifth and si.xth 
upper molars with two roots (?) ; the sixth upper 
partly behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch. 
'I’he following single species is recorded under this 
section, and its locality is xifrica. 
THE CAPE FUR SEAL {Arctocephalus antarcticus) . 
— 'I’his is Fhoca antarctica of Fischer's Synopsis, and 
'I’hunberg in Memoirs Acad., Peterslmrg ; A. schisthy- 
peroes of 'I’urner, in Journal of Anatomy, 18G8 ; 
A. schistuperus of Gunther, Zool. Record, 18C8; A. 
antarcticus, Allen, Mus. Comp. Zool., Carnbridge, 
Mass., a, p. 45 ; A. delalandii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 
Loud., 1859 ; and Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 18G6 ; 
Fhoca ursina of Cuvier, Oss. fossil; A. ursinus, F. 
Cuvier, Mern. Mus., vol. xi.; Otaria ursina, Nilsson ; 
llalarctus delalandii. Gill; Otaria (Arctocephalus) 
pusilla, Peters, Monatsb, 1866 ; Petit Phoque, Buffon, 
Hist. Naturelle; and Phoca pusilla of Schreb. 
'I’he locality of this Seal is given as South Africa 
and the Cape of Good Hope. 'I’he descriptions are 
very meagre. Gray gives the following: (1) Adult 
male, with slight mane, called “large wig.’’ Fur 
whitish, with a few intermixed black hairs ; under 
fur short, reddish. (2) Adult, without mane, called 
by the dealers in furs, “ middling.” Fur reddish- 
white, grizzled, with scattered black hairs ; under 
side of the body darker, reddish-brown ; under fur 
short, reddish. (3) Young, about 18 inches long, 
called “ black-pup,” from Ca|)e Good Hope. Fur 
black, polished, soft, smooth, without any gray tips. 
ratner orowner-black beneath ; under fur brown, very 
sparse ; hairs slender, polished, black, with very 
slender brown bases. The three specimens are in 
the British Museum. 
Another section is characterized by Gray as hav- 
ing the fourth, fifth and sixth upper grinders with 
two distinct diverging roots ; the fifth in a line with 
the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch. And this 
peculiar to America. 
THE SOUTHERN FUR SEAL {Arctocephalus nigres- 
cens). — This is described under the above name by 
Gray in Zool. Erebus and Terror ; Catalogue Seals 
and Whales in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1866 ; as 
A. falklandicus in Gat. Seals and Whales, by Gray ; 
by same as Euotaria nigrescens in Annals and Mag. 
Nat. Hist., 1868 ; and as Otaria falklandicaby Peters, 
Monatsb, 1866 ; A. falklandicus by Allen, Bui. Mus. 
Comp. Zool. Camb., ii ; 0. falklandica by Sclater 
in Proe. Zool. Soc. ; and Otaria nigrescens of Morris, 
in same, 1869, p. 106. 
'I’he locality given for this species is Volunteer 
Eock, Falkland Islands, and the authority as Capt. 
Abbot. Gray says ; “ 'I’he two specimens in the 
British Museum agree in most particulars ; but they 
differ considerably in the form of the hinder nostrils. 
One has the hinder nasal opening with a slightly 
arched, nearly truncated, front edge.” 
A third section, which includes the remaining 
species of Arctocephalus, has the fourth, fifth and 
sixth upper grinders with two diverging roots — the 
fifth upper grinder entirely behind the hinder edge of 
the zygomatic arch ; the palate narrow. 'I’his group 
is found in Australia. 
AUSTRALIAN FUR SEAL {Arctocephalus cinereus). 
— Peters calls this Otaria (Arctocephalus) cinerea, in 
Monatsb, 1866. Gerrard, in Catalogue of Bones of 
British Museum, has it A. nigrescens. In the Cata- 
logue of the Sydney Museum it is called Otaria, or 
Black Seal. Allen, in Bui. Mus. Comp. Zool. Camb., 
names it as A. cinereus. 'J’his species is black, with 
grayer beneath ; the under fur is abundant, reddish- 
brown. 
FORSTER’S FUR SEAL {A. forsteri).—T\\\s. is de- 
scribed originally as Phoca ursina by J. E. Forster, 
who found it at Cloudy Bay, in New Zealand. Mr. 
Allen sees “ no difference between this and A 
cinereus.” 
THE FUR SEAL OF COMMERCE {A. falUandicus) . 
— 'J’his is the notable Fur Seal which supplies the 
rich furs of commerce. Pennant calls it the Falkland 
Seal. Shaw records it as Phoca falklandica, and 
Lesson as Otaria shawii, and the same author in a 
later work has it Otaria houvillii. Fischer in Synop- 
sis of Mammals calls it Phoca houvillii. New 
Georgia, Falkland Islands, is the favorite habitat. 
It is a very distinct species, known from all others by 
the shortness, evenness, closeness and elasticity of 
the fur, and the length of the under fur. 'I’he fur is 
soft enough to wear without the removal of the 
longer hairs. In some kinds there are numerous 
long hairs, which are removed by shaving the skin 
until they fall out, the roots being severed by the 
process. 'This Seal is described as having a long and 
