Ixxviii 
Pinnipedia. MAMMALIA.. Pinnipedia. 
ly narrowed behind. The posterior nares are oblong, 
elongate and broadly truncate in front, the front 
edge being behind the line of the orbital process of 
the zygomatic arch. 'I'he grinders have large oblong- 
roots ; the second, third and fourth upper ones have 
a sub-central longitudinal groove on the outer side, 
and a less marked one on their inner surface ; the 
inner sides of all but the first of the lower ones are 
similarly grooved ; the fifth upper grinder (or more 
properly the sixth in the normal series) has two dis- 
tinct roots. 'I'he lower jaw is much more elongate 
than that of Otaria jubata ; the hinder angle is more 
oblique, and the lower margin long and straight. 
'J’he flap of the toes is short. 
NORTHERN SEA LION [Eumetopias stelleri).— 
'I'his Sea Lion has been, as Dr. Gray observes, one of 
the zoological paradoxes. Some confusion will, no 
doubt, continue to exist concerning the relations of 
the numerous forms of Otarines to each other, al- 
though observers are increasing and facts concerning 
their habits accumulating. We follow the arrange- 
ment of Gray, from the fact that the British Museum 
collections must have afforded him vastly more in- 
formation than is likely to be at the disposal of any 
other iierson. 'i’he synonyms given of this Seal are : 
Arctocephalus monteriensis of Gray in Gat. Seals and 
Whales and Proe. Zodl. Soc., 1859 ; Eumetopias cali- 
forniana, Gill, Proc. Essex Inst., Salem, Mass., 18G6 ; 
Otaria stelleri, Gray, Gut. Seals and Whales; Otaria 
(Eumetopias) stelleri, Deters, in Monatsi, 1866 ; 
Eumetopias stelleri, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 
1866, and Allen in Bui. Mus. Gomp. Zoul., Ganib . ; 
Jjeo mai-inus, Steller ; Fhoca jubata of Dander and 
D’Alton ; and Arctocephalus californianus of Gray 
in Gat. Seals and Whales — a young specimen, Cali- 
fornia and Behring’s Straits are the favorite localities 
of this Seal. 
SEA LION OF STELLER.— Dr. Hamilton describes 
a form under this name in Jardine's Nat. Lib. He 
states that Steller records the length of the animal 
as about fifteen feet. His systematic name is given 
as Dhoca jubata of Gmelin. It is described as hav- 
ing, in the males, a stiff and crisp hair about the 
neck, the females and young being entirely free from 
any such appendage. 'The females are shorter and 
more slender than their mates, 'i’he hide is very 
thick, and covered with coarse, strong hair of a red- 
dish color, which is paler in old ones. 'J’he female 
has a bright ochre tint, the young approaching 
a chestnut. 'I’he' head is large, and nose produced 
and upturned considerably. 'J’he eyes are very 
large, the inner angle being “ stained, as it were,” 
with cinnabar; the pupil exhibits a green color, 
the iris white ; eyebrows are bushy ; the ears coni- 
cal, upright, large and distinct. 'I’he mane par- 
ticularly distinguishes it, hence the name, though it 
is believed that only old males have it. '■'J’his species 
is probably the Otaria jubata — see the same under the 
genus Otaria. This Sea Lion is only equalled in im- 
portance to the inhabitants of the I’acific Coast by the 
Fur Seals (Callorhinus). 'While having a very ex- 
tended geographical range, it frequents the most 
remote and secluded places, as well as the thickly 
inhabited portions of the coast, entering the bays 
and harbors and rivers, often disporting fearlessly 
near the shipping, and quite habitually frequenting 
some particular rock or promontory, which it main- 
tains with a persistence that only yields to superior 
strength or prowess. Capt. Scammon met with this 
species between the latitude of the Gallapagcs islands, 
near the equator, and nearly to Behring’s Straits, 
extending westward as far as the island of Saghalien, 
on the coast of Eastern Siberia. 'J’he captain says : 
“At the Farallones islands we saw the largest females 
we have ever met with on the California Coast. 
Hence, what we have formerly taken to be the 
Eumetopias stelleri may prove to be the Zalophus 
gilliespii ; but if such be the fact, both species in- 
habit the coast of California, at least as far south as 
the Farallones. Moreover, both species herd together 
in the rookeries. A confusing variety exists in their 
figures, especially in the shape of the head : some 
have a short muzzle, with a full forehead ; others 
with a forehead and nose somewhat elongated ; and 
still others of a modified shape between the two ex- 
tremes.” Some doubt has formerly existed concern- 
ing the possible migration of this Seal. Scammon 
sets the matter at rest by exhibiting arrow-heads 
and spears, such as are used by the North Coast 
natives, which were found embedded in the flesh of 
individuals slain in the tropical seas. Drof. David- 
son, of the U. S. Coast Survey, found a spear-head, 
such an one as is used by the natives of Alaska, in 
a large Sea Lion taken at Doint Arenas, latitude 
39“. 'i’he Sea Lion very closely resembles the Fur 
Seal, though the great spread of the hind flippers in 
the latter \yill at once suggest the difference. 'The 
largest Sea Lion measures about sixteen feet in 
length, from the nose to the end of the flipper. It 
yields about 40 gallons of oil ; its weight being about 
1000 pounds. A prominent feature, besides the 
glistening white teeth, is the stiff, bristly moustache. 
It is an interesting fact that the Mound Builders, 
whose works have been examined in Ohio and some 
of the Southern States, exhibited considerable skill 
in carving certain utensils ; some of their pipes were 
elaborately worked in stone, the bowl usually repre- 
senting some animat form. Among others, the Sea 
Lion is accurately represented, though these pre- 
historic people were thousands of miles away from 
the locality where a knowledge of the Sea Lion could 
be obtained. In one beautiful specimen of this kind 
of pipe, which is in the Davis Collection of the 
American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., the 
features of the Sea Lion are strongly marked, es- 
pecially the stiff, elongated moustache. Like the Fur 
Seals, the Sea Lions appear to be able to live a long 
time without food, both the male and female remaining 
without eating during a considerable portion of the 
breeding season. 'I'he immense amount of fat which 
they carry no doubt supplies the system with nourish- 
ment during this season — they have a double coating 
of fat lying between the tissues. Having no fur, this 
Seal is of less value than others, but is yet prized for 
certain features, the testes being sold to the 
Chinese, who regard them as medicinal, and the 
