cxiv Ungulata. MAMMA.LIA. yoLiDUNGULA. 
present family, viz. : Meniscotherium, Falaeosyops 
and Hyopotanius. Other forms are ; Plimnacodus, 
the size of a Hog, allied to Elotheriiun and Achaj- 
nodon, about the size of a Cow, but Hog-like in 
aspect. Pelonax is another form, between Hippo- 
potamus and Elotherium. 
OKEODONTID.E. — Tliis woiiderful family is strictly 
an American one. Dr. Leidy applies the term 
“ruminating hog” to the individuals. They were 
abundant during the Pliocene time, and especially so 
in the Miocene. 'I’hey were like, in some respects, 
the Camel and the Deer. Si.x genera and twenty 
species are recorded. The genus Mcrychus is from 
the Pliocene. 
'J’he Miocene forms are Oreodon, Eporeodon, Mery- 
chochoerus, Leptauchenia and Agriochoerus. T’he 
latter is as far back as the Eocene, and is like 
the European family Ano^dotheridce of the same 
epoch. 
In the Brazilian caves, the extinct Ungulates are 
mostly of the Post Pliocene and Pliocene deposits ; 
a few are referred to the Eocene. Dr. Lund has 
given to science a vast amount of material relating 
to the extinct Fauna of the deposits. In the 
province of iMinas Geraes, near the headquarters of 
the San Francisco River, are limestone caves. Dr. 
Lund visited thousands of them. Sixty only gave 
evidence of having bones in them. In our notice of 
fossil Ursidm, previously given, will be found an ac- 
count of the contents of these caves. It is estimated 
that several thousands of years must have elapsed 
since they were thus choked with such osseous 
masses. Some of the remains are of living species, 
but the major part are extinct. Stone implements 
and human remains were found in some of them. 
'I'here were the extinct and living genera Leptothe- 
rium. Antelope, Equus, 'Tapirus, Dicotyles, Auchenia 
and Cervus. Equus and Antelope are not known in 
South America. 
In the Pliocene Period of South America there 
were two species of Equus, two of Macrauchenia, 
allied to Tapir and Palmotherium. 'I’hese had 
long necks, and were of the size of the Camel. In 
Patagonia an extinct genus has been found, and 
burdened with the designation Homalodontotherium. 
'I'his is believed by Prof. Flower to be allied to the 
Rhinoceros, but still more to the Miocene Hyracodon 
of North America. It also resembles the extinct 
genus Macrauchenia. 'J’he extinct genus Nesodon is 
allied. In the deposits of the Panqjas there is an 
extinct species of Dicotyles. Auchenia is repre- 
sented by three extinct species in Bolivia. There 
are two extinct genera in ,the same formation — 
Palaeolama and Camelotherium. 'I'hree species of 
Cervus are found in the same. 
In the Eocene of South America, the Horses 
(Equus) were largely represented ; and the extinct 
genera Palaeotherium and Anaptotheriiun, common 
in the European 'I’ertiaries, are found in the same 
deposits as those of the Panq)as. 
Elepiian.tid^. — Several species of Elephas and 
Mastodon, or allied forms, are found in the 'I’ertiary 
deposits. Elephas primigenius — the Mammoth — is a 
notable example. 'I'he variety americanus is found 
in North America. One other species is recorded 
from Mexico, Georgia and Alabama. 
The Mastodon is represented in South America 
by two species ; and in North America by two 
species — M. giganteus and M. mirificus; the latter 
from Nebraska. 
'I'he Middle Eocene of Wyoming and Colorado has 
yielded, through the agency of Dr. Leidy and others, 
a series of most wonderful remains, which have 
proved of such exceptional importance, as strange 
forms, that a separate and new order has been con- 
structed for them. 
Dinocerata. — W allace says : “ This new order 
consists of animals with generalized Ungulate and 
Proboscidean affinities. 'I'he lower jaw resembles 
that of the Hippopotamus. 'I’hey had five toes ou 
the anterior feet, and four on the posterior; three 
pairs of horns, the first pair on top of the head, 
large, and perhaps palmated, the second above the 
eyes, while the third and smallest stood out side- 
wise on the snout. 'I'hey had enormous upper 
canines, of which the roots entered the middle 
horn cores ; no upper incisors, and small molars.” 
Four genera are recognized, namely: Dinoceras, 
the typical one, with three species; 'I’inoceras, two 
species; Uintatherium, one species; and Eobasileus, 
two species. 
'I'lLLODONTiA is another new order, and estab- 
lished by Prof. Marsh, combining the characters of 
Carnivora, Ungulata and Rodentia. 'I'wo families 
are formed, the Tillotlieridm and Stylinodontidm, 
which embrace three genera — 'I’lllotherium, Anchip- 
podus and Stylinodontia. All are from the Eocene 
of Wyoming and New Jersey. 'I'he animals were 
rather small in size, ranging between the 'I’apir and 
Gapybara. 'I’he skull was somewhat like that of the 
Bear. 'I'he molar-teeth were like those of Ungulates, 
and the incisors like those of Rodents. 'I’he feet 
were plantigrade, and the whole skeleton is said to 
be Bear-like, 'i'hree new genera, allied to the pre- 
ceding, found in the Eocene of New Mexico, have 
been named Ectoganus, Galamodon and Esthonyx. 
They have, according to Cope, some relation with 
the South American Toxodontidae. A most wonder- 
ful group of extinct animals is that bearing the 
latter name; some of them, it is said, ilvaling even 
the huge Megatherium in size. 'I’oxodon and Neso- 
don are the genera, and several species are found in 
the deposits of the Panqjas and Patagonia. 'I’hey 
are allied to the Ungulates, Rodents, Edentates and 
the aquatic Sirenia. 
SOLIDUNGULA. 
Equid.® — 'i’he Horses. — America has no living' 
species of this family, but numerous fossil extinct 
forms, of great interest from their varied organiza- 
tion. One genus and eight species are now recog- 
nized as the ‘^'personnel ” of the order. Reference to 
the chapter on Palaeontology of Ungulates will show 
the great numbers of this order which inhabited this 
continent in anciCnt times. 
