cxvi 
Buminantia. MAMMALIA. Ungulata. 
Order IX.— EUMINANTIA. 
The ttuiiiinating Aniinals> embraced in tliis order, 
are regarded as t'orining one of the most clearly de- 
fined gn’cups of the animal kingdom. 'I'lie classifica- 
tion adopted by late writers is more or less founded on 
the plan indicated by Prof. Owen, which exhibits 
as sub-orders Artiodactyla, Perissodnctyla, Probosci- 
dea, and the extinct Toxodontia, under the order 
Ungulata. As the present matter is additional, or 
supplementary to the main portion of this work, the 
sequence and form of orders as are therein seen will 
be observed. On page 7, Vol. I., will be found a 
table which shows this arrangement. Section B is 
that of the Ungulate or Hoo^fed Animals, embrac- 
ing orders Ruminant ia, Solidungula, and Pachyder- 
mata. which include the same forms found in the sub- 
orders above-named. 
Several important features of structure character- 
ize indivi<lual3 of this order. 'I’he feet are bifid, each 
phalaiinc being terminated by a distinct hoof. All 
but the Camels are destitute of cutting-teeth in the 
upper jaw. The stomach is compound, the structure 
and fund ions of which are among the most impor- 
tant characteristics. Four diffei-ent compartments 
are seen, each having certain offices, one exception 
only being known — that of the Camel, which has 
I hree stomachs. 'I’he presence of horns is another 
constant feature, with some exceptions. 'I'hese are 
variously developed in the Sheep, O.xen, etc. They 
are solid protuberances from the skull, covered by a 
hollow sheath, which remains during the life of the 
animal. In the Deer and Antelopes — with the sin- 
gle exception of the Giraffe, which has rudiments or 
knobs that are persistent — the horns are solid, and 
fall periodically. 'I’wo divisions are, consequently, 
made in the order — the Hollow Horn and the Solid 
Horn Ruminants. 'I’hree very natural groups are 
also recognized ; two as above designated, and a 
third, which includes the Camels and Llamas — those 
having no horns. 
The operations of rumination and digestion are 
somewhat complicated in this order. Of the four 
stomach divisions, the first is called the rumen, 
or paunch ; this receives the coarsely chewed food. 
The second compartment, or stomach, is cui’ious- 
ly formed to hold, by numerous little purses or 
pouches, the water taken in. It is called the reti- 
culum, from its yiwr.^e-like character. 'I'lie water 
is gradually mixed with the coarsely-divided food, 
which is undei-going a certain process in Xhe rumen. 
resembling mastication. When this has advanced 
to a sufficient pulpiness, a portion is received 
into the muscular canal, at the termination of the 
(Esophagus. It is there moulded into a ball, and 
propelled, by an inverted action of the muscles of the 
gullet, into the mouth, passing, as is seen, over the 
same ground that it occiqiied in the first instance of 
swallowing in the crude form ; that is, while the 
creature is grazing. Here, in the mouth, it is masti- 
cated and mixed with the saliva, and then swallowed, 
to go directly into the third stomach, called the 
pmUerium, from the broad, leaf-like processes of 
membrane which line the interior. Certain absorp- 
tion here takes place, and the mass passes on to the 
fourth compartment, or true digesting stomach, called 
the abomasas. From here the usual phenomena of 
digestion proceeds. 
'I’he eyes of Ruminants are placed on the sides of 
the head, that they may command an extended vision 
while grazing. Their ears, also, large and movable 
for protective purposes, 'fhe sense of smell is par- 
ticularly active. 'I’he importance of these animals to 
mankind is too apparent to require notice here — their 
flesh as food, every portion of their bodies, their 
hides, lilood, horns, hoofs, tallow, and their milk. 
Indeed, so many and various are the products, one 
may well regard these creatures as special objects for 
man's welfare. From the earliest times they have 
been domesticated, and they have always accompa- 
nied man throughout his nomadic career. 
Family— CAMELID^. 
This family is represented in South America by 
one genus, Auchenia, with four species. AVallace 
enumerates two genera and six species in all. 'I’his 
leaves the Bactrian Camel of .Asia, and the Drome- 
dary, or Common Camel, of both Asia and Africa. 
In our account of the extinct Gamelidm, it is seen 
that this family was at one time very abundantly 
represented in .Vorth America. 
THE LLAMA, OR GUANACO [Auchenia glama) 
Plate 23, fig. 75. — This is a somewhat familiar ani- 
mal, through the specimens frequently placed in 
menageries and our zoological gardens, it is much 
like the Camel, though very much smaller. Its size 
is about that of the Virginia Deer. In the wild state 
the hair is exceedingly long, and it is used exten- 
sively, in the form of guanaco. for manufacturing pur- 
poses. 'I'lie Llama is seen in great numbers in a 
more or less domesticated state. Great numbers are 
used for Inirden and traffic. It requires little care, 
and is like the Camel in its endurance of thirst. 
The voice resembles the neighing of a Colt. When 
annoyed by any one approaching, it discharges a 
quantity of saliva at the intruder. 'I'his we have 
witnessed in the Central Park collection. Peru is 
the region most inhabited by the Llamas. 'I'hey fre- 
quent the coldest portions of the mountainous re- 
gions. 
The Paca is found in similar localities. It diffei's 
in having tawny, brown-colored hair, which hangs in 
very long pendant masses, furnishing the much-prized 
alpaca wool. 
'I’lie Vicuna is the smallest species, being about 
the size of a Bheep. It is more elegant in shape, 
the legs being longer in proportion, and more neatly 
