Ruminantia. MAMMALIA. Ungclata. cxix 
pean Stag ; and a small species, lierein described, is 
called the South American Red Deer {Coassiis ru/us). 
'I’he term Carcajou is sometimes used ; and DeKay 
calls it the American Deer. The latter is quite un- 
wisely selected, as several other species are so closely 
connected with it, and found in nearly similar locali- 
ties, that great confusion is the result among those 
not familiar with the nature of them. 
WHITE-TAILED DEER {Cervus leucurus). -This is 
C. macrourus of Eafinesque, and the Long-tailed 
Deer of Lewis and Clark. Its specific characters are 
seen in the rather long tail, long and narrow hoofs, 
and compact fur. The skin is entirely white, with 
a small dusky spot on the lip. The ears are gray, 
with a white spot at the base. The anal region, and 
the under surface of the tail, white. 'J'he tail is red- 
dish above. '• The ear is narrow, but long, measur- 
ing 6.20 along its anterior edge ; its greatest width 
4.50. They are thinner and more acuminate than in 
the Virginia Deer.” — Baird. The feet are long and 
slender. 'I'he prevailing color in the fall of the year, 
and probably in the winter, is a yellowish-gray, 
clouded and waved with black, caused by the dusky 
tips to the hairs. This is purest and grayest on the 
back, neck and head, the long hairs on the head only 
being more fulvous. The chin and throat are dull 
white ; the former without any band, but merely 
a dusky spot on the side. The ears are uniformly 
brownish-gray, lined and pointed somewhat with 
dusky, the concavity and basal portion being white. 
The horns resemble very closely those of the C. vir- 
ginianus, from the eastern portion of the United 
States. The horns are more inclined to have three 
posterior snags than the latter. In extreme age the 
horns become more compressed, and the warts to- 
wards the base more prominent. This species is 
very abundant on the Upper Missouri and Upper 
Platte, where it replaces the Virginia Deer. 
SONORA DEER {Cervus mexicanus). — This Deer is 
described by Prof. Baird as “ resembling the C. vir- 
ginianus in horns and general characters, but smaller ; 
color varying but little with season ; ashy or gray- 
ish-brown, pointed with light gray annulations to the 
hairs. Tail but little longer than the ears, white 
beneath and on the sides ; whitish, with yellowish- 
rufous tinge above, except near base, where it is like 
the back. Gland on the hind-leg as long as the bone 
is thick.” 'J'he tail measures seven inches to the 
tips of the hairs, and about five to the end of the 
bone. 'I'he hoofs are rather short and broad. The 
horns are regarded as like those of the virginianus, 
*‘ but, perhaps, with finer points.” Prof. Baird says : 
“ 'I’here is some doubt as to whether it is the true C. 
mexicanus of authors ; I shall, however, apply the 
name provisionally.” 
The principal difference is seen in its smaller size. 
It is grayer in color, the hoofs are shorter and 
broader, the tail shorter and whiter, and the ears are 
thinner. 
MULE-DEER {Cervus macrotis). — 'I’his is quite 
readily distinguished from other species by its long 
ears, and its larger size. It is next to the Wapiti in 
general dimensions. “ 'I'he horns are doubly dicho- 
tomous, the forks nearly equal. 'I'he ears are nearly 
as long as the tail. In winter the pelage is ashy- 
brown, with light gray tips and annulations. 'I'he 
tail is cylindrical, very slender, naked beneath, exce})t 
at the end, which is a black tuft. 'I'he hair is very 
coarse and brittle, resembling that of the Antelope. 
'I'he winter coat is very dense and shaggy.” 'I'he 
range of the Mule-deer is mainly in the Upper Mis- 
souri region, the Yellowstone River being its more 
favored locality. 
BLACK-TAILED DEER {Cervus colunibianus ). — 
'I'his Deer is regarded as strongly marked, and 
readily distinguished from C. virginianus. Its speci- 
fic characters are : “ Size about that of C. virginianus, 
or less ; horns doubly dichotomous, the forks nearly 
equal ; ears more than half the length of the tail ; 
gland of the hind-leg about one-sixth of the distance 
between the articulating surfaces of the bone ; tail 
cylindrical, hairy and white beneath, almost entirely 
black above, the under portion of the tip not black. 
Winter coat with distinct yellowish-chestnut annula- 
tion on the dark ground, without white patch on the 
buttocks. 'I'here is a distinct dusky Horse-shoe mark 
on the forehead anterior to the eyes.”' 'I’liis is more 
closely allied to C. macrotis ; the long ears and 
bifurcations of horns being similar in each. Its 
habitat extends through Oregon to California. 
Lewis and Clark named it the Black-tailed Fallow 
Deer. 
South American Cervidhj. 
Andrew Murray, in Distribution of Mammals, 
records the genus Elaphus, with species antesiensis, 
from Peru; E. auritus, inhabiting Brazil; E. cam- 
pestris, Brazil and the Rio Negro of Patagonia ; 
E. chiliensis, from the Cordilleras of Chili. E. casia- 
cus is a Mexican species. E. goudoti is from New 
Granada. E. gymnotis is from Cayenne and Bogota ; 
E. leucotis from Patagonia; E. paludosus from 
Brazil to Patagonia ; E. punctulatus, Brazil ; E. 
savannasum, British Guiana; E. superciliaris, Brazil. 
'I'hese are all of the genus Cervus, sub-genus Pllaphus, 
according to Murray. 'I’he sub-genus Subulo em- 
braces the species nenioziragus, which is found in 
the plains and mountains of Brazil, Peru and Para- 
guay. S. pudu is another, found in the Cordilleras 
of Chili. Another form, quite rare, is that of 
THE RED DEER OF SOUTH AMERICA {Cervus 
{Subulo) rufus) — Plate III, fig. xii. — 'I’his is one of 
the small species but little known out of its native 
country, the middle regions of South America. 'I’wo 
specimens, male and female, are in the cabinets of 
the American Museum, New York. 
Camelopardalid^. — 'I’his is exclusively an Gkl 
World family, having one genus and one species, 
confined to Africa. No extinct species has been 
found in America. 
Family— BOVIDJE. 
'J’he familiar term. Bos, is pretty universally ap- 
plied to individuals of this group of animals — the 
Oxen, Cows, Bison, Buffaloes, and the like. All are 
