ccl XX Hexopoda. IN SE C TS . Hymenoptera. 
Class— TUNICATA. 
'I'he 'rniiicates are the lowest in organization of 
parent, gelatinous crust, studded with minute stars. 
any of the Mollusca. 'I'liey have no lime-covering 
seen on floating timber and sea-weeds. The Rays 
or shell, but are clothed in a sac-lilce, leathery mem- 
are separate animals. One species is known in New 
brane or tunic ; hence the name. 'I'hey are headless 
England waters ; one other genus and one species is 
Mollusks, mostly sac-shaped, and having two open- 
recorded (Plate 9). Family Salpidce. — One genus. 
ings. 'J'he viscera are well defined, and the muscular 
with one species, only is recorded. 'I’he Saljia caboti 
and nervous systems clearly developed. 'I’hey have 
is quite common south of Cape Cod. Family Asci- 
no feet nor organs of propulsion, being fixed by a 
diidcB. — Eight genera and twenty-six species are 
stem to the bottom of the sea or to floating objects. 
enumerated as inhabiting our northern waters. Bol- 
Some are simple, single ; others are compound, hav- 
tenia is a beautiful object. It is frequently thrown 
ing several united on one stem, or included in one 
upon our beaches during heavy storms. It resembles 
common frame like the Astraean corals. 'I'hey are 
a kidney, supported on a long stem, or, regarding 
hermaphrodite, and undergo metamorphosis in the 
its fresh, peachy blush of color, it is quite like the 
voung state. 
Cypripedium or Ladies’ Slipper. Sea-peach is a 
Family BO'J'ETLLIDiE. — This is a semi-trans- 
common name among fishermen. 
INSECTS. 
'I’he class of Insects, as presented by Dr. Packard, 
adapted for biting and seizing their prey, and an 
embraces the following three great orders; 
arrangement of the mouth parts to facilitate lap- 
I. — Hexopoda {Six-footed Insects). 
ping the honey of flowers. 
11. — Arachnida (Spiders). 
Certain characteristics of development and habits 
III. — Myriapoda (Centipedes). 
render these Insects entitled to the highest rank in 
their division. Their social instincts form a marked 
Order L— HEXOPODA. 
feature, as well as the fact that the sexes are in many 
distinct. 'The anatomy is complicated. There is an 
In this order the segments of the body are grouped 
organ called the sucking-stomach, which connects 
in three distinct regions; there are two pairs of 
with a long oesophagus. By some chemical change. 
wings; eyes are compound and simple; there are 
not understood, the honey is produced from the food 
three pairs of thoracic legs, and one pair of jointed 
contained in the crop, and this is regurgitated into 
abdominal appendages. There is a more or less com- 
the honey cells which the Bee constructs. 'I’he wax 
plete metamorphosis. 
which forms the cells is secreted in minute glands 
'I’he sub-orders, comprising the first and higher 
situated just under the skin; the openings being 
series, are Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera, 
through pores in the integument. In the Iloney Bee 
which usually have a cylindrical body; a small pro- 
these pores are situated on the under side of the 
tothorax ; the parts around the mouth arranged 
abdomen. 
more generally for sucking; and a complete meta- 
Family API A VI — The Honey Bee is the fami- 
morphosis. 'I’he larva is a very close resemblance 
liar form prominent in this family. 'J'his highly- 
to the adult. 
prized Insect was introduced into America in the 
'I’he second and lower series of sub-orders are Go- 
seventeenth century, and is now known over the 
leoptera, Hemiptera and Nenroptera, which have the 
whole civilized globe. 'I’here are enumerated two 
body flattened ; the protothorax large anil squarish ; 
thousand species of this family. Numerous interest- 
the month parts usually adapted for biting; meta- 
ing forms are figured on Plates 7 and 11. The near- 
morphosis incomplete ; the pupa often inactive; the 
est native ally to the Honey Bee in North America 
larva flattened, and often resembling the adult. 
is the Humble Bee (Boinbus). 'I’he Carpenter Bee 
(Xylocopa) is the largest of the group. It has the 
Sub-order— HYMENOP'I’ERA. 
power to cut a tunnel into sound wood several inches. 
or, indefinitely. A pretty piece of its work in the 
Bees, M''asps, Saw-flies and Ants are prominent 
American Museum, Central Paik, New York, is ex- 
and familiar examples of this group. 'I’here are 
hibited in a billet of sound white pine wood, which 
about twenty-five thousand species known, of which 
the Insect had penetrated its length, about three- 
five thousand inhabit the United States. A few 
quarters of an inch, across the grain, and then bored 
species have a range as far north as Polaris Bay, 
a smooth, round hole, one to one and a half feet in 
where the Humble Bee and several Ichneumon-flies 
length. 'I’his excavation is done by its sharp cut- 
have been found living. Hymenoptera have four 
ting jaws. In the cells thus produced the eggs are 
wings, membraneous and naked; a large head ; jaws 
deposited, one to each, and a quantity of pollen of 
