Bimana. JIAMMALIA. Bijiana. 1 1 
colder or more mountainous regions, yet there are many 
Mr. Leonard Horner, also, in his boring through the 
important instances that may be adduced in opposition 
sediment of the Nile at Memphis, found a fragment of 
to the universal application of tliis rule : the most north- 
pottery at a depth of thirty-nine feet from the surface ; 
ern tribes are usually of dark complexions, and the 
and as it appears from unquestionable data that, during 
natives of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land are darker 
the last 3215 years, the average amount of sediment 
than many tropical nations. The varieties of domestic 
deposited has been three and a half inches in a century. 
animals, which are so numerous and often so remark- 
this fragment is regarded by Mr. Horner as a proof of 
1 
able, have been produced, for the most part, by the 
the existence of man more than 13,370 years ago — 
1 
artificial variation of the conditions of their existence ; 
“ of man, moreover, in a state of eivilization, so far, at 
and where thej' are due to climatal influences, it must 
least, as to be able to fashion clay into vessels, and to 
be borne in mind that the creatures have been in a 
know how to harden them by the action of a strong 
manner forcibly transplanted to their new abodes, which 
heat.” — {Proceedings of Royal Society ; 1858.) Per- 
they would, in all probability, never have reached but 
haps the most probable conclusion at which we can 
by the instrumentality of man. With the human sub- 
arrive from the consideration of all this evidence is. 
ject the case is ditferent ; his organization adapts him 
that the whole human population of the globe belongs 
for existence in all parts of the world where he can 
to a single species, modified by climatal and other 
find the necessary supplies of food : with this restric- 
influences, extending over a period of years so long 
tion, no region is too hot or too cold for him, and this 
that our authentic historical data relate only to a small 
does not merely apply to the indigenous races of each 
portion of it. 
district, for the individuals of most races can live and 
As might be expected from the short reference 
thrive in the districts originally belonging to other 
already made to the innumerable shades of difference 
tribes ; and in this case, as far as we know, the pos- 
presented by different tribes of mankind, and tbe insen- 
terity of the new comers retains the characters of 
sible blending of tbe one into the other, the discrimi- 
its original nrogenitors. This is remarkably shown 
nation of the principal varieties of the human species 
in the present Qay in the United States of America, 
is by no means an easy task ; and we accordingly find 
where the native American, the European, and the 
that nearly every writer on this intricate subject enter- 
Negro, have now lived and propagated under the same 
tains peculiar views as to the affinities of particular 
conditions of climate for many years, without losing 
tribes, or even as to the number of primary varieties 
their original characters. Thus the difficulties are 
which it is necessary to admit. Thus, Cuvier refers all 
nearly equally great on both sides, and we only partially 
the varied forms of mankind to three, Blumenbach to 
get rid of them by assuming that a multiplicity of indi- 
five, Pritchard to seven, and Pickering and Latham to 
viduals of the human species may have been originally 
eleven leading varieties. It is principally by the con- 
created, and that the gradual intensification of the 
sideration of the structure of the languages that the 
personal characteristics of these individuals in their 
number of varieties has been so greatly increased by 
descendants by constant intermarriage within the same 
the last-named writers. In their chief physical charac- 
families, may have given rise to the varieties which are 
ters most of the tribes of mankind may be conveniently 
now met with. Otherwise, if production from a single 
referred to the five sections proposed by Blumenbach. 
original pair be necessary for the establishment of the 
fl’hese are the Caucasian or Iranian, the Mongolian 
unity of the human species, we are forced to admit for 
or Turanian, the Malayan, the Ethiopian, and the 
it a much greater antiquity of origin than is usually 
American varieties. 
supposed; for we know from ancient Egyptian pictures 
1. Caucasians or Iranians. — This variety includes 
that, in the Mosaic period, the physical characteristics 
all those nations which have made the greatest progress 
of the Hebrews, Copts, and Negroes were as strongly 
in civilization. Their colour depends principally upon 
marked as inJhe present day; and it is impossible to 
the country inhabited by them, the skin in those dwell- 
suppose that such important modifications of one and 
ing in temperate zones being white, more or less tinged 
the same type would have been produced by climatal 
with pink in different parts by tbe blood shining through 
influences in the period intervening in our chronology 
it ; whilst in the nations of warmer climates the colour 
between the epochs of Noah and Moses, and that in 
gradually becomes darker, and finally almost black. 
the present day we should find different races still 
The hair exhibits similar, and, to a certain extent, cor- 
retaining their essential characteristics, after dwelling 
responding variations in colour ; in temperate climates 
together for many ages in the same region. Moreover, 
it presents every shade from red and yellowish-brown 
not to mention the chronologies of the Chinese and 
to black, whilst in the darker races of hot countries the 
Brahmins, which appear to run into the opposite 
last-named colour predominates ; but in all cases the 
extreme to our own, we may refer to the statement of 
hair is straight or simply curled, but never crisp and 
Professor Lepsius, that the chronology of the Egyptians 
woolly in appearance. The face is oval, and the fore- 
may be traced up to the year 3900 B.C., and that the 
head high, the facial angle approaching a right angle; 
fourth dynasty, including the builders of tbe chief pyra- 
the eyes are straight ; the nose is usually narrow' and 
mids, commenced in the year 3430 b.c. He adds that 
prominent, and the lips are moderately full. The great 
“a thousand years at least, and probably still more. 
Caucasian variety extends from Plindostan through 
must be conjectured for the gradual growth of a civili- 
Persia and the Caucasus to Europe, of which the 
zation which had been completed, and had in part 
greater part of the inhabitants belong to it ; it also 
begun to degenerate at least 3430 years before our 
includes the nations inhabiting Arabia, Syria, and the 
era.” — (See Lepsius in Humboldt’s Cosmos, vol. ii.) 
northern and north-eastern parts of Africa. The latter, 
