12 Vaiueties of Man. MAMMALIA. N'arieties of Man. 
amongst which we maj' notice the Arabs, the Jews, the 
Moors and the Abyssinians, constitute a great sub- 
variety, distinguished by certain peculiarities, especially 
of language ; they are called the Semitic, Aramcean or 
Fig 1. 
small, with the outer angle drawn upwards, so that the 
direction of the opening of the eyelids is oblique ; the 
nose is small and broad, and the lips usually thin. The 
Mongolian races are distributed over the whole of 
Fig. 2. 
Circassian. 
^yro- Arabic races. They are considered by Dr. Latham 
to form part of the great African variety. 
The remainder of the Caucasian races principally 
belong to a second great stock — that of the Indo- 
Europeans, including the Hindoos, Persians, and all 
the European tribes, with the e.vception of the Magyars 
of Hungary, the Laj)laiiders, Pins, and other Mon- 
golian tribes of the extreme north, and the Basques 
of Spain, the remains of the ancient Iberians, whose 
affinities are not yet clearly ascertained. These tribes 
all speak languages which are considered to be derived 
from the Sanscrit. The true Caucasian tribes, such as 
the Circassians and Georgians, are distinguished from 
the rest by peculiarities of language, which would seem 
to indicate an aflinit}' with the following variety, whilst 
the apfiearance of the people, and especially the confor- 
mation of the skull, caused Blumenbach to regard them 
as the type of the white races. 
2. Mongolians or Turanians. — In these races 
the colour of the skin also varies from the clear 
white complexion of the fairest Europeans, through 
various shades of olive, tawny, or even yellow, to a 
dark yellowish-brown. The skull is rounder than in 
the European races ; the face is broad and flat, with 
very prominent cheek-bones ; the eyes arc narrow and 
Chinese. 
northern and eastern Asia, thus including the highly 
cultivated Chinese, Japanese, and Siamese, the nomadic 
tribes which rvander over the boundless plains of Cen- 
tral Asia, the Tibetans, tlie savage hill-tribes of north- 
ern Ilindostan and the Turcomans of Western Asia. 
The latter are the original stock of the Turks, who have 
establ’ished their rule upon the ruins of the Greek 
empire. It is to movements in the vast Mongolian 
populations of Northern and Central Asia, propagated 
even from the confines of China, that we are to ascribe 
those devastating invasions of barbarians which ulti- 
mately destroyed the western Homan empire. Even in 
Europe, the remains of these conquering hordes are 
still to be found in the Magyars of Hungary, who only 
obtained a footing in their present domicile in the tenth 
century of our era. The inhabitants of Lapland and 
Finland also, with those of the provinces of Livonia and 
Esthonia, south of the Baltic, and of a large extent of 
country in the north and east of European Kussia, 
belong to a Mongolian stock, some of them being j>ro- 
bably the aboriginal inhabitants of the districts which 
they at present occupy; whilst others have established 
tliemselves where we now find them, by displacing 
other tribes, either of Mongolian or of Caucasian 
descent. At tlie north-eastern exti’cmity of the Asiatic 
