yUADKUMAJIA. MAMMALIA.- Quadbumana. 15 
In the general form of the body we find a great 
diversity in this order. The apes and monkeys pre- 
sent a greater or less resemblance to the human spe- 
cies ; the baboons are more quadruped in their appear- 
ance; and the lemurs resemble ordinary quadrupeds 
in their form. The development of the tail, also, is 
very variable ; some, such as the apes, being perfectly 
destitute of this appendage, which is also rudimentary 
in several of the baboons, whilst the majority of the 
monkeys and lemurs are well provided with tails, 
and these in the American monkeys are often prehen- 
sile, thus furnishing these creatures as it were with a 
fifth hand, which is of great service to them in their 
arboreal gambols. 
The resemblance in the form of the brain and skull 
in the apes to that of the same parts in the human 
species, is greatest in the young animals, and it is 
owing to this, and to the fact that most of the specimens 
of the larger apes brought to Europe have been very 
young, that we are to attribute the exaggerated notions 
frequently entertained with regard to the extent of this 
similarity. In the young animals the brain is larger 
even in proportion to the rest of the body than in full- 
grown specimens; and as long as the dentition is con- 
fined to the milk teeth, the jaws are but little produced, 
so that the forehead is high, and the facial angle very 
large; but as the first teeth are shed and the permanent 
ones produced, the space required for their accommo- 
dation becomes greatly increased, and the jaws are 
necessarily prolonged, whilst no corresponding change 
takes place in the dimensions of the cranium, and thus 
the face eventually acquires the form of a prominent 
muzzle. In the change of teeth, the canines acquire a 
great development, crossing each other, and interlocking 
like those of a carnivorous animal, so that the jaws of 
an adult ape or baboon present an aspect almost as 
formidable as those of one of the larger cats; and as a 
consequence of this great size of the canines, gaps are 
left between these teeth and the incisors or molars, to 
permit the lodgment of the canines of one jaw by the 
side of those of the other. The molars, in form, greatly 
resemble those of the human subject. 
The remaining general characters of the order may 
be dismissed in a few words. Except in the genus 
Galeopithecus, already alluded to, the orbits, or bony 
sockets of the eyes, are completely closed, as in man. 
The external ears are usually small, but variable in 
form, sometimes resembling those of the human species, 
sometimes erect, as in the cat. The fingers are gene- 
rally furnished with fiat nails, but some species have 
curved, compressed claws, either on the whole or on 
some of the fingers. The mamm® are almost always 
placed on the breast, and two in number ; in the Galeo- 
pitliecus, there are four pectoral teats ; and in the 
Cheiromys, a doubtful species of the order, these organs 
are situated on the hinder part of the abdomen. 
In their geographical distribution upon the face of the 
earth, the Quadrumana must be regarded as a tropical 
group. They are found in the forests and rocky deserts 
of Southern Asia, of Africa, and of South America, 
where they live in troops, and feed principally upon 
fruits, often descending to plunder the gardens and 
fields of the inhabitants. In Africa, the range of the 
baboons extends as far south as the Cape of Good 
Hope ; whilst a species of baboon-like monkey, the 
well-known Barbary ape, not only occurs on the south- 
ern shores of the Mediterranean, but even crosses to 
the European coast, and lives in numerous troops upon 
the rock of Gibraltar. 
This is at present the most northern range of any 
species of the order Quadrumana ; but the fossil remains 
of these animals found in some European tertiary for- 
mations prove, that at a former period of the earth’s 
history several species of monkeys and apes lived upon 
the continent of Europe, and even in England. In 
some fresh-water sands at Kyson in Suffolk, the tooth 
and part of the jaw of a Macacus, a monkey allied to 
the Barbary ape, have been found ; these strata belong 
to the eocene, or earliest tertiary formations. In the 
miocene, or middle tertiary fresh-water strata, at Sansan 
in the south of France, M. Lartet in 1837 discovered 
the first known fossil remains of a quadrumanous ani- 
mal, considered to be allied to the Gibbons, which are 
now confined to the islands of the Eastern Archipelago; 
and in 1856 that geologist also found in the same 
region, the lower jaw and humerus of a gigantic ape, 
larger than any known living or fossil species, and pre- 
senting, in some respects, a nearer approach to the 
human species than even the chimpanzee. Other fossil 
species of monkeys have been found in the south of 
Europe at Montpellier and near Athens, both belonging 
to the Indian genus Semnopithecus. In the Sivalik 
hills of Northern India, the remains of several species 
of monkeys have been discovered by Messrs. Fal- 
coner and Cautley, and there is no doubt that as the 
geological investigation of the warmer regions of the 
Old World advances, other forms of Quadrumana will 
be found. The fossil monkeys which have been dis- 
covered in some caves in Brazil, belong to the same 
group as those now inhabiting the South American 
continent ; these are considered to have lived in the 
pliocene, or latest tertiary period ; and it is interesting 
to find that in this, as in some other cases, there was 
then the same difihrence in the type of the mammalian 
inhabitants of the two hemispheres, as at the present 
day. 
When we examine the various animals belonging to 
this order, we find that the greater portion of them may 
be included in two sections — the Monkeys {Simice) 
and the Lemurs {Prosimice). In the former, the inci- 
sors are always four in number in each jaw, and the 
rest of the dentition presents a certain resemblance 
to that of man ; the nails of the fingers are similar, 
either flattened or claw-like, and those of the thumbs 
always flat. In the lemurs the number of incisors is 
variable ; and the first finger of the hinder hands is 
always furnished with a curved, compressed claw. In 
both these groups the hinder thumb is opposable, and 
this is also the case with the thumb of the anterior 
extremities, except in those cases in which it is rudi- 
mentary or altogether wanting. There are other 
points of relationship between these two sections, which 
may consequently be regarded as forming the true 
Quadrumana ; but, besides these, we have to dispose 
of two other groups, each including only a single family, 
and but one or two species, the characters of which are 
