1 6 Quadrumana. MAMMALIA.- Simiau^. 
such as to render the justice of placing tliena in the 
present order almost a matter of doubt. These aber- 
rant forms are the Cheiromys and the Galeopithecus 
already alluded to. 
Commencing with the Simim or Monkeys, as un- 
doubtedly the highest group of animals, and including 
the species which approach most closely to man, we 
find that these also present certain characters, agreeing 
most remarkably with tlie geographical distribution of 
the creatures, by which they may be divided into two 
sections. The monkeys of the Eastern hemisphere 
have the nostrils placed close together, and separated only 
by a narrow septum or partition ; the American mon- 
keys, on the contrary, have the nostrils placed wide 
apart on the sides of the nose, which is broad and flat. 
Hence the former are called Catarrhine, and the latter 
Platyrrhine monkeys. 
Family I.— SIMIADAE. 
The Catarrhine monkeys, or monkeys of the Old 
World, constitute only a single great family, that of the 
Simiadse, the genera of which this is composed resem- 
bling each other so closely in their most essential pecu- 
liarities, and often melting into each other by such 
imperceptible gradations in their minor characters, that 
not Old}' is any further subdivision of them into accu- 
rately-defined subordinate groups almost impossible, 
but it is sometimes difficult even to separate the genera 
themselves by well-marked peculiarities of structure. 
All the Simiadse bear the same number of teeth as 
the human species, namely, four incisors, two canines, 
and ten molars and premolars in each jaw, making a 
total of thirty -two ; they also agree with man in the 
general form and arrangement of the teeth, except that 
the incisors are more oblique than in any variety of the 
human race, and there is always a vacant space in the 
vicinity of the canines. The tubercles of the molar 
teeth are obtuse. The tail is sometimes altogether 
deficient, and when present it varies greatly in length, 
being sometimes a mere tubercle, whilst in other cases 
it is longer than the body; but it is never prehensile at 
the tip. Naked raised patches or callosities occur on 
the buttocks of nearly all the species ; these are formed 
by a thickening of the epidermis supported upon a 
peculiar process of the ischium, and constitute a sort of 
natural cushion upon which the animals sit when taking 
their repose. In most cases, also, these monkeys are 
provided with cheek-pouches in which they stow away 
a suppl}' of food for future consumption. 
Taking the general characters of these animals into 
consideration, we may distinguish among them three 
principal groups — those of the Apes, Monkeys, and 
Baboons. In the first of these groups, or the true 
apes, the tail and cheek-pouches are entirely deficient, 
and the buttocks are either destitute of callosities or 
have them very small. It is amongst these apes that 
we find the species most nearly approaching man in 
their organization ; and hence these animals are called 
Anthropoid or Anthropomorphous (Manlike) Apes, by 
most naturalists. Of the species at present known, the 
one which undoubtedly presents the greatest amount 
of resemblance to man is 
THE CHIMPANZEE {Troglodytes niger). — By all 
authors, with the exception of Cuvier, and one or two 
who adopted the opinion of that great naturalist, the 
chimpanzee has been regarded as the highest species 
of the apes; and the character upon which Cuvier 
founded his preference for the orang-outan has been 
shown by later researches to be fallacious. Cuvier 
states that the volume of the brain and the promi- 
nence of the forehead is greater in the orang-outan 
than in the chimpanzee-; and later writers, following 
Cuvier, have defined the supposed difference in this 
respect by means of the facial angle, saying that in the 
orang this angle is 65°, whilst in the chimpanzee it is 
only 50°. This, however, is due to the comparison 
only of animals of different ages, the forehead being 
far more prominent in the young animal than in 
older individuals of both species, from the projeetion of 
the muzzle increasing as the creature approaches ma- 
turity ; so that, if adult specimens of the chimpanzee 
and orang-outan be compared together, the difference 
will be found to be very small, and, if anything, rather 
in favour of the chimpanzee. The limbs in the chim- 
panzee, also, more nearly resemble those of man in 
structure ; the arms are not much longer than in the 
human species, whilst the legs considerably exceed 
those of the orang in development, both as regards 
their comparative length, their muscularity, and their 
capability of supporting the animal in an erect posture. 
Both in the chimpanzee and the gorilla, the two 
species of the genus Troglodytes, the number of ribs is 
thirteen, whilst the orang-outan has twelve ribs like 
the human subject. 
The adult chimpanzee measures nearly five feet in 
height when standing erect. Its body is covered with 
long, coarse, black or blackish-brown hair, which is 
very thick upon the back, but clothes the breast, belly, 
and limbs more sparingly ; at the sides of the head and 
face the hair is very long, and hangs down in the form 
of whiskers ; the face and ears are nearly naked, and 
of a brownish flesh colour ; the ears nearly resemble 
those of the human species in form, but are very large ; 
the eyes are rather small, and the lij)s thick. The 
hands and feet are nearly naked, and the hairs of the 
fore-arm are directed towards the elbow, where they 
meet those of the upper arm, and usually project in a 
point. 
The chimpanzee is a native of the vast forests of the 
west coast of Africa, extending from the river Gambia, 
north of Guinea, as far as the district of Benguela, or 
over a space of about thirty degrees of latitude. It 
lives among the trees, usually avoiding the neighbour- 
hood of man, but forming little huts with branches of 
trees for its protection from the weather, at an elevation 
of thirty or forty feet from the ground. Its food 
consists principally of fruits, and it is also fond of the 
succulent terminal bud of the cabbage palm, which is 
likewise a favourite article of human food in tropical 
regions. In the trees the chimpanzees are very active, 
and display astonishing strength and agility in their 
movements; the adult males especially are exceedingly 
powerful, and from their being armed with large canine 
teeth are very formidable animals. The chimpanzees 
are described by several travellers as arming them- 
