T£tB Apes. MAMMALIA. The Chijipakzee. 17 
selves with clubs, with which they attack and often 
kill the negroes whom they meet with in the woods ; 
and they are even said to assault the elephants with the 
same weapons, and drive them out of their districts. 
These statements, if true, probably relate to the gorilla, 
as even the adult male chimpanzee is said to fly from 
a man. In their sexual habits they are described as 
being very disgusting ; and, according to Dr. Savage 
(an American missionary to whom we are indebted for 
the actual discovery of a second species of Troglo- 
dytes), the Negroes have a tradition that the chimpan- 
zees once belonged to the human race, but that they 
were expelled from society on account of the incorrigible 
depravity of their habits. 
The chimpanzee does not appear to have been 
clearly known to the ancients, and yet in a very old 
Carthaginian voyage, the Periplus of Hanno, we have 
a curious account of an animal which can only be 
referred to this or the following species. At least 
five hundred years before our era the Carthaginians 
appointed Hanno, one of their admirals, to sail with a 
large fleet through the Straits of Gibraltar, for the pur- 
pose of founding Carthaginian colonies along the African 
coast. According to the journal of this voyage, which 
has come down to us, the admiral set sail with no less 
than thirty thousand colonists of both sexes, and coast- 
ing along the western shores of Africa, succeeded in 
establishing numerous colonies at different places. He 
describes the coast and its inhabitants, and evidently 
entered the Gulf of Guinea, in which he sailed until he 
reached a bay called by his interpreters the Southern 
Horn. “ In the bottom of this bay,” says the Cartha- 
ginian admiral, “ there was an island similar to the one 
previously described (in his voyage) ; this contained a 
lake, and in this lake there was another island inha- 
bited by wild men. The women were most numerous ; 
they were entirely covered with hair, and our inter- 
preters called them Gorilloi. We pursued them, but 
could not capture the men ; they all escaped us by their 
great activity, as they climbed the rocks and defended 
themselves by throwing stones at us. We only caught 
three women, who resisted by biting and scratching 
their conductors, and we were forced to kill them. We 
skinned them, and brought back their skins to Car- 
thage.” These skins were placed in the temple of 
Astarte in Carthage, where they remained until the 
taking of that city in the year 146 B.C., as stated by 
Pliny, who, however, only mentions two of them, and 
changes the name of these wild men into Gorgones. 
The Gorilloi of Hanno, the Troglodytes, Satyrs, and 
other fantastic creatures described by the ancient na- 
turalists, were regarded by them as monstrous varieties 
of the human race, and the idea of their existence was 
probably derived from the imperfect accounts given 
by travellers of the Anthropoid apes. These notions 
continued to prevail throughout the middle ages, and it 
was not until a very recent period that they were 
replaced by more correct views. Thus, even Linnoeus 
describes a Homo Troglodytes, as a second species of 
man, in which he evidently confuses together the older 
narratives relating to both the chimpanzee and orang- 
outan ; just as, in his genus Simia, he combines these 
two species under the common name of S. Satyrvs. 
Voi,. I. 3 
It was not until the latter part of the sixteenth 
century, when the intercourse of Europeans with the 
west coast of Africa became more extended, that the 
accounts of travellers began to furnish more reliable 
information upon these laige apes, although the earlier 
of these accounts are for the most part mixed up with 
fabulous narratives obtained from the Negroes. Andrew 
Battel, an English sailor, who was taken prisoner bj 
the Portuguese in 1589, and resided for several years 
in Angola, mentions “ two kinds of monsters," as he 
calls them, which inhabit the woods of that country ; 
of these the largest, which, he says, is of gigantic height, 
is called Pongo, and the other Enjocko, by the natives. 
The former is most probably identical with the newly- 
discovered gorilla ; the enjocko of Battel is, no doubt, 
the same as our chimpanzee ; and we find from later 
sources that in the district of the Gaboon, the Negroes 
give the name of N'Tschego to the chimpanzee. De 
Laval, a Frenchman, who published his travels in 1619, 
mentions the occurrence of these animals in Sierra 
Leone, where he says they are called Barris, and adds 
that they may be trained “ to perform all the duties of a 
household servant.” He states that they “ generally 
walk upright, upon the hind feet only ; they will pound 
grain or any other substance in a mortar, go to the well, 
fill their water-jars and carry them home on their heads ; 
but if some person be not at hand to relieve them from 
their burden on their arrival, they let the jar fall, and 
begin to cry on seeing it broken.” Jobson also describes 
an ape of five feet in height, called by the Negroes 
Quoja Vorau, which, according to him, can be taught 
to fetch water and to perform other household offices. 
De la Brosse, in his “ Voyage to the Coast of Angola,” 
published in 1738, refers to the species under the name 
of Quimpeze, but seems to have mixed up the ciiim- 
panzee and the gorilla, for he describes the animals as 
attaining a height of six or seven feet. He confirms 
many of the facts narrated by preceding travellers, and 
makes especial mention of the abduction of Negresses 
by these creatures, a habit which is so commonly 
ascribed both to the large apes and the baboons, stating 
that he was acquainted with' a woman at Loango who 
lived three years amongst these animals. This account 
of the predilection of the chimpanzees for human con- 
cubines is confirmed, from hearsay, by Smith, who 
visited the coast of Guinea in 1744, and who says the 
animal is there called Mandrill ; in fact, it appears 
that the name of Di-ill, commonly applied to one of 
the large baboons, really belongs to the chimpanzee, 
and that it is the root of the Greek word Gorilloi, given 
by Hanno as the name of his wild men. These narra- 
tives, with the exception of Battel’s, probably refer 
both to the pongo and the enjocko of the latter. 
The first specimen of the chimpanzee seen in Europe 
was a young living individual, which was brought to 
Holland towards the end of the seventeenth century. 
This specimen, which was from Angola, was described 
by Tulpius, who, however, confounded it with the 
orang-outan, in which, as already stated, he was fol- 
lowed by Linnseus. Buffon, also, who had the oppor- 
tunity of examining at least one living specimen of the 
chimpanzee, did not recognize its distinctness from the 
orang. It was first described under the name of Simia 
