18 Quadrumana. MAMMALIA. Simiada.. 
Troglodytes by Blumenbach ; and M. Geoffroy Saint- 
Hilaire regarded it as the type of the distinct genus 
Troglodytes, in which lie has been followed by most 
subsequent zoologists. The anatomical structure of the 
chimpanzee was well described as long ago as the year 
1G99, by an English anatomist, Tyson, in his “Anatomy 
of a Pigmy,” where he enters into a detailed exposition 
of the characters in which this animal resembles and 
differs from man. 
The individuals which have been brought alive 
to Europe and exhibited in our menageries, have all 
been young animals, usually about two years old, 
and between two and three feet in height ; they can, 
consequently, give us but little idea of the habits and 
disposition of the adult chimpanzee. They have all 
exhibited a striking amount of intelligence, and a gen- 
tleness and docility such as we hardly associate with 
the idea of a monkey. The individual observed by 
Tj'son in 1 699, is described by him as a gentle, affec- 
tionate, and harmless creature, which became much 
attached to the sailors on board the ship in which it 
was brought to England, embracing them with the 
greatest tenderness, opening the breasts of their shirts, 
and clasping its arms around them. It showed a great 
aversion to some small monkeys which were brought 
home in the same ship, keeping at a distance from them, 
as if it considered itself a being of a superior order. It 
became fond of wearing clothes, would dress itself 
partly, and apply for assistance in any difficulty to some 
of the crew or passengers. 
The celebi’ated French naturalist, Buffon, has given 
the following interesting account of the chimpanzee 
observed by him, which he calls the Joc/ro, but confounds 
with the orang-outan. He says — “ Its air was melan- 
choly, its deportment grave, its movements measured, 
its disposition gentle, and very different from that of 
the other monkeys ; it had none of the impatience of 
the magot (Barbary ape), the ferocity of the baboon, 
or the extravagance of the monkeys. It may be said 
that it had been well taught ; but the others had also 
received their education ; a sign or a word was suffi- 
cient for our orang-outan ; whilst the baboon required 
the stick, and the others the whip, as they only obeyed 
under the fear of chastisement. I have seen this ani- 
mal present its hand to lead out its visitors, or walk 
about with them gravely as if it belonged to the com- 
pany. I have seen it seat itself at table, unfold its 
napkin and wipe its lips, use its spoon and fork to carry 
its food to its mouth, pour its drink into a glass, and 
touch glasses when invited ; fetch a cup and saucer to 
the table, put in sugar, pour out its tea and leave it to 
cool before drinking it ; and all this without any other 
instigation than the signs or words of its master, and 
often of its own accord. It was perfectly harmless; it 
even approached one with a certain respect, and pre- 
sented itself as if to ask for caresses. It was excessively 
fond of sugar-plums, . . . but ate almost anything, 
although it preferred ripe and dry fruit to all other ali- 
ments ; it drank wine, but in small quantity, and left 
it willingly for milk, tea, or other mild beverages.” 
This description is interesting, as showing the amount 
of education of which the chimpanzee is susceptible ; 
but, perhaps, the most striking example of the intelli- 
gence of this ape is recorded by the French traveller, 
De la Brosse, whose “ Voyage to Angola” has been 
already referred to. One of two young chimpanzees 
purchased by this traveller, was taken ill on board ship. 
“ He gave himself all the airs, and demanded the same 
care as a human being ; he was even bled twice in the 
right arm ; and afterwards, whenever he felt indisposed, 
he would hold out his arm to be bled, as if conscious 
that it had done him good.” 
Subsequent observations of other specimens in con- 
finement have not only confirmed the idea of the great 
intelligence and gentleness of the chimpanzee conveyed 
by the preceding extracts, but have also thrown more 
light upon the natural habits of the species, and enabled 
recent zoologists to correct some errors into which 
their predecessors had fallen. Thus Buffon, writing 
from recollection, states that his Jocko '• always walked 
upright on its hind feet, even when carrying heavy 
loads.” The individuals since observed have shown 
that if this was the case, it must have been a result of 
education. The chimpanzee, certainly, appears to have 
a greater power of sustaining itself in a nearly erect 
posture than the other apes ; but in its natural mode 
of progression it exactly resembles the latter, its body 
being inclined forward in walking, and supported upon 
the anterior limbs, of which the knuckles are applied 
to the ground. 
THE GORILLA {Troglodytes Gorilla), Plate 1, fig. 1. 
— We have already, in treating of the chimpanzee, 
indicated that, from the narratives of the older travel- 
lers there has always been reason to believe that two 
large species of apes lived on the west coast of 
Africa. The curious recital of Hanno, already quoted 
(see page 17), may indeed apply to either species ; but 
as early as the close of the sixteenth century, we have 
seen that Andrew Battel clearly indicates “two kinds 
of monsters” as inhabiting the woods of Angola : one 
of these is the chimpanzee; the other, he says, “is 
called Pongo in their language.” Of the latter he 
states, that “ the pongo is in all his proportions like a 
man (except the legs, which have no calves), but he is 
of gigantic height. The face, hands, and ears of these 
animals are without hair ; their bodies are covered, 
but not very thickly, with hair of a dunnish colour. 
When they walk on the ground, it is upright, with the 
hands on the nape of the neck. Thej' sleep on trees, 
and make a covering to shelter them from the rain. 
They eat no flesh, but feed on nuts and other fruit; 
nor have they any understanding beyond instinct. 
When the people of the country travel through the 
woods they make fires in the night, and in the morn- 
ing when they are gone the pongos will come and sit 
round it till it goes out ; for they do not possess sagacity 
enough to lay on more wood. They go in bodies, and 
kill many Negroes who travel in the woods. When 
elephants happen to come and feed where they are, 
they will fall on them, and so beat them with their 
clubbed fists and sticks, that they are forced to run 
away roaring. The grown pongos are never taken 
alive, owing to their strength, which is so great that ten 
men cannot hold one of them. The young hang upon 
their mother’s belly, with their hands clasped about 
her. Many of them are taken by shooting the mothers 
