CeRVIDzE.- 
-MAMMALIA.- 
-CAilELID/E. 
176 
comfortably ; it is cleanly in its habits, and delicate in 
the choice of food. The flesh affords an excellent 
venison, which is often found on the tables of Euro- 
peans. Tlie natives eat the males, and always present 
them in a conspicuous place in their feasts; but in 
consequence of some peculiarities in the habits of the 
females, they have an aversion to them as food.” The 
Muntjaks are monogamous, and when found in small 
troops, the latter usually consist only of the members 
of a single family. 
THE MUSK-DEER {Moschus Moschiferuft) is an inha- 
bitant of the elevated plains of Central Asia, extending 
as far as the eastern provinces of China. It is about 
the size of the roebuck, but unlike that species, stands 
much higher on the haunches than at the shoulder. 
One of the most distinguishing pecidiarities, however, 
arises out of the presence of a pair of long canines in 
the upper jaw, which in the males project outwards 
below the chin. Another still more distinctive feature 
consists in the presence of a glandular pouclr in the 
immediate vicinity of the navel. This occurs only in 
th.e male ; it is about the size of a hen’s egg, and con- 
tains an unctuous brown secretion, which is the musk 
of commerce. A single grain of this substance is sufli- 
ciently odorous to impregnate the atmosphere of an 
ordinary room for several years, without apparently 
diminishing in quantity ! The fur of the Musk-deer 
varies much in colour ; it is moi’e or less brownish, the 
throat being white, with light bands on the sides of the 
neck; whitish grey spots also occur along the lateral 
parts of the body. The ears are long and narrow'. The 
feet are furnished with largely-developed spurious hoofs. 
The tail is very short. Respecting the habits of this 
animal. Pennant states that it is naturally shy and timid. 
It frequents the most inaccessible rocks, and often suc- 
ceeds in evading the hunter’s skill. 
There are several other small kinds of Musk-deer, 
such as the Napu [Tragulus Javanicun) — Plate 23, fig. 
76 — and the Peesoreh {Meinhina Indica)', these are 
not furnished with the umbilical pouch. 
Family VI.— CAMELIDiE. 
The Camels differ from the typical I’uminants in many 
important particulars. They are entirely hornless ; 
their most distinctive feature, however, consisting in tlie 
presence of incisor teeth in the upper jaw. Altogether 
they have thirty teeth ; eight incisors, one on either side 
above and six below ; four canines and eighteen molars, 
of Avhich latter six are spurious. Another peculiarity 
in this family is seen in the beautifid provision of 
water-cells in the w'alls of the paunch — of w'hich full 
particulars have already been given. The feet are 
callous underneath, partially bisulcate, and furnished 
with rudimentary hoofs, which only protect the upper 
surface of the toes. Finally, from some other minor 
characters, cliiefly osteological, it is clearly evident that 
the Camels make a decided approach towards the solid- 
ungulate and pachj’dermatous types. 
THE DROMEDARY {Camelus Drornedarius), or One- 
iiUMi’ED C.\MEL — Plate 23, fig. 74 — has been celebrated 
from the earliest liistoric times ; and though no longer 
known in the wild state, is still abundant in the East, [ 
forming an indispensable companion to the traveller as 
he journeys over the wild sandy wastes of Egypt and 
Arabia. Well may the Arabs call this creature the 
“ ship of the desert;” for a more elegant or appropriate 
title could not be devised. Bearing a heavy cargo of 
goods to the extent of six hundred or even a thousand 
pounds w'eight ; supporting a storehouse of nourishment 
in the form of a huge bundle of fatty matter on its back ; 
supplied internally with an unfailing reservoir of thirst- 
refreshing w'ater ; armed with sole-protecting foot-pads, 
in the form of broad elastic cushions, which extend for 
a considerable distance on either side of the toes ; the 
camel, thus befittingly adapted for a toilsome journey, 
moves at the bidding of his guide ; steers with unde- 
viating course through the trackless paths of the sandy 
plains, and sustains with ease and cheerfulness the 
superabounding load ! ■ On rolls the blast with deso- 
lating waves of scorching sand ; clouds of impalpable 
dust rise high into the air, obliterating all trace of the 
sunny sky ; the suffocating w'ind threatens death to 
man and beast ; the w'ater-skins have parted with their 
treasure, and dried under the effects of intolerable heat. 
At length the storm has subsided, but the parched lips 
only tell too truly that all must perish ! There is one 
resource left — at least such is the testimony of history. 
To save his earthly lord the burdened beast must die. 
The friend in need — who has pillowed his master’s 
head, and warmed his chilled frame at night — must, at 
the hour of death, supply the life-restoring draught; 
thus imitating, as it were, the example of that nobler 
sacrifice Avhich has conferred imperishable blessings 
upon mortal man ! In some cases, indeed, a dire fatal- 
ity carries off the whole company of the akkabah or 
caravan, such as happened in the year 1805, when no 
less than two thousand persons and eighteen hundred 
camels perished from the overwhelming fury of a ter- 
rible simoom. In regard to the characters by which 
the Dromedary is distinguished we need say little, as 
the solitary hump is sufficiently distinctive. F or food 
the camel is contented with the poorest and driest of 
prickly lieihs, but the amount taken is exceedingly 
moderate for so bulky an animal. In Europe these 
animals are little employed ; but at Pisa, in Tuscany, a 
stud has been kept up ever since the middle of the 
seventeenth century; and there they breed freely. The 
hide, fur, flesh, &c., of the Dromedary are employed 
for various economic purposes, upon which it is need- 
less to dwell. 
THE BACTRIAN CAMEL ( Camelus Bactrianus) is an 
inhabitant of Asiatic Turkey, Persia, and the elevated 
plains to the north of the Himalaya mountains. It is 
a comparatively rare species, but easily recognized by 
its possessing two humps on the back. The Bactrian 
camel is stout, thickset, and awkward-looking, and 
varies very much in colour, the fur being long and 
shaggy, especially underneath the chin and throat. A 
fine example is still living in the Zoological Society’s 
Menagerie, Regent’s Park. 
THE LLAMA {Auclienia glama) or Guanaco— 
Plate 23, fig. 75. — Much diversity of opinion exists as 
to whether two or more species of this genus are known. 
Some, who follow Dr. J. E. Graj', believe that there 
are four species ; but we incline to the persuasion that 
