SoLiDUNGULA. MAMMALIA. Equid.e. 177 
this reckoning gives us at least one too many. These 
the Llama is not capable of sustaining a load of more 
animals are natives of Peru and Chili, and represent, 
than two hundred pounds weight, half that amount 
in the western hemisphere, the camels of the East. 
being ordinarily considered sufficiently oppressive. 
They have no humps on the back, are a much smaller 
Attempts have recently been made to introduce the 
species, and have a dense woolly fur, which, in the 
Alpaca — the Llavia Pacos, of some authors — into Aiis- 
wild state, exhibits a pale chestnut-brown colour. The 
tralia, and the experiment has already been attended 
fur of the domesticated Llama is variously tinted. The 
with sufficient success to warrant the belief that ere 
sole-pads, instead of being broad as in the camel, are 
long they will become extremely useful and abundant 
double and narrow, each division being limited to one 
in the colony. The alpaca may, after all that has been 
side of the cloven foot, whilst the nails, in lieu of 
urged to the contrary, only constitute a well-marked 
being weak, are powerfully developed and strongly 
variety of the Guanaco. Though not employed as a 
curved. The Llamas frequent rocky places ; and in 
beast of burden, it is a much more valuable animal 
consequence, therefore, of the easy separation of the 
than the Llama, the hair of the fur being much longer. 
■ toes, combined with the modifications of the pad and 
and of a soft, silky texture. Respecting the Vicugna 
hoof here referred to, it becomes at once evident that 
{Llama Vicugna), which is by all authorities regarded 
such a condition of the foot is peculiarly adapted to an 
as a distinct species, we have only room to remark 
animal whose life is destined to be spent — unlike that 
that it possesses a fine fulvous woolly fur, which is 
of his desert-traversing congener — on the rugged slopes 
extensively employed in manufacture by the natives 
and precipices of the Andes. As a beast of burden. 
of Peru. 
Ordek X.— SOLIDUNGULA. 
In the arrangement of Cuvier, the solidungulate quad- 
directing the horse’s speed. The stomach of the soli- 
rupeds form the third family of the order Pachyder- 
dungulates is simple and undivided; the coecum and 
mata ; but, by general consent, it is admitted that the 
large intestines being extremely capacious, and the gall- 
present group is worthy of being separately treated in 
bladder entirely wanting. Finally, it may be remarked 
the manner here proposed. In Professor Owerr’s sys- 
that fossil solidungulate remains have been found in 
tern, the solidungulates constitute a subdivision of his 
the tertiary deposits of various parts of the world, but 
odd-toed ungulates or Perissodactyla. The members 
it is impossible to determine how many species of the 
of this order are at once characterized by the circum- 
order may have roamed over the uncultivated plains of 
stance of their possessing, or rather appearing to 
geologic time. 
possess, only a single toe, which is incased in a solid 
box-like hoof ; there are, however, on either side of 
Family — EQUIDAE. 
this large central toe, rudimentary digits, in the con- 
dition of two splint-like bortes, corresponding to the 
All the members of the order may be associated toge- 
second and fourth metacarpal and metatarsal bones of 
ther under a single family title, as above, or they may 
the human extremities. Another distinguishing feature 
be considered as belonging to a single genus. The 
is seen in the dentition, which is made up of forty 
family characters are the same as those of the order. 
teeth; twelve of these are incisors, equally divided 
All existing species were originally inhabitants of the 
above and below ; four are canines, the upper being 
eastern hemisphere — the mountain plains and wastes of 
almost invariably abseirt in the female ; the remaining 
Asia and Africa constituting their native abode. In 
twenty-four being molars, whose crowns are flat and 
the wild state they are gregarious ; their speed is swift. 
and grass forms the principal element of their food. 
Fig. 66- 
THE HORSE {Ec[uus Cahallus)—V\iiiQ 24, fig. 77 
— is of all animals the most highly esteemed, and 
deservedly so. Although it does not prove such a 
valuable source of food as certain of the ruminants ; 
nevertheless, in an indirect manner, it supplies us 
with the means of procuring sustenance from various 
sources, proving absolutely indispensable to the agri- 
culturist. To enter into a history of the uses to which 
this matchless quadruped has been put, or to enumerate 
Skull of the Horse. 
the countless varieties of breed into which it has passed. 
would lead us far beyond the limits assigned to our 
square-shaped, and marked by four crescentic folds of 
description of the present family ; suffice it to say, that 
enamel — those of the upper jaw having a small addi- 
all the well-known domesticated forms are only varieties 
tional fold at the inside. If the accompanying figure 
of an original wild stock, and that it is doubtful if this 
be examined it -will be noticed that a considerable inter- 
original type exists in the condition of its native pro- 
space exists between the incisors and the anterior 
genitors. It is true that thoroughly wild breeds roam 
grinders (fig. G 6 ) ; it is through this vacuity that the 
at large over the wild steppes of Asia and the spacious 
bit is introduced for the purpose of controlling and 
plains of South America; but all these are believed 
VoL. I. 23 
