340 Passeres. BIRDS. Laniid.e. 
from the neck, as seems to have been hitlierto supposed, in fact, than any bird I know of. From the lower part 
The skin of the neck is very loose ; looser and larger, grows a cylindrical fleshy process, about as thick as a 
Fig. 112. 
The Umbrella Bird (Cephalopterus ornatus). 
goose-quill, and an inch and a half long. From this 
grow the feathers to the very point, thus producing the 
beautiful cylindrical plume quite detached from the 
breast, and forming an ornament as unique and elegant 
as the crest itself.” 
The Umbrella-bird is found along the course of the 
Brazilian rivers, principally upon the islands, at least in 
the lower parts of the great streams. Its food is said 
to consist of fruits; the stones of stone-fruits being 
ejected by the mouth. Its note is very loud, for which 
reason the Indians of the region bordering the Rio 
Negro call it the Piper-bird. 
THE ARAPUNGA {Chasmarhynchus albus), the last 
species of this family to which we shall refer is called 
the Bell-bird in Guiana, from the similarity of its notes to 
tho'se of a muffled-bell. It measures about twelve inches 
in length, and is of a white colour; at the base of the 
bill is a cylindrical, fleshy wattle, clothed with minute 
white feathers, which is flaccid and pendent when the 
bird is quiet, but becomes inflated when he is under the 
influence of any emotion, and then attains a length of 
two inches or more, and a diameter of about a third of 
an inch at the base. This effect is said to be produced 
by the impulsion of air, which is afterwards confined 
in the cavity. The note of this bird and its allies 
is usually heard only during the height of summer, for 
which reason the name of Ave de Verano, or “ Bird of 
Summer,” has been given to one of the species ; this 
is contracted into Averano. Waterton states that the 
note of the Bell-bird may be heard at a distance of 
three miles. The food of this bird consists of fruits 
and berries, occasionally varied with caterjtillars and 
other soft insects. It lives in the forests, and is a 
solitary bird. 
Family V. — LANIIDJ5. 
The dentirostral section of the passerine birds is 
concluded by the family Laniidse, the ordinary species 
of which are commonly known as Shrikes. Those 
birds have a tolerably long and stout bill, more or less 
compressed, hooked at the tip, and armed on each side 
of the upper mandible, near the tip, with a very distinct 
tooth or notch. The hinder part of the gape is fur- 
nished with about five strong bristles on each side, 
springing from the base of the upper mandible. The 
wings are moderately developed, with the first primary 
quill feather much shorter than the second. The feet 
are stout, with a long hind-toe, and all the toes are 
armed with long, curved, and acute claws. 
The majority of the species of this family are inhabit- 
ants of the Eastern hemisphere, a few only being found 
in the New World. Their food consists, like that of 
the birds of the preceding families, of insects, worms, 
and mollusca ; but many of them are not content with 
such small game, and kill and devour the smaller birds 
and quadrupeds. In fact, the hooked tip of the bill, 
the strong teeth with which the upper mandible is 
armed, and the curved and acute claws, seem at once 
to indicate that the character of these birds is more 
predaceous than that of their nearest allies, and by 
Linngeus, and several of the older naturalists, they were 
placed in the same order with the Eaptores. 
THE RED-BACKED SHRIKE {Lanins collurio) is the 
