GLOSSOLOGY OF THE MAMMALIA. 
103 
bones on each side, connected in pairs with the thorax and pelvis. In 
general, they are four in number, as in the greater part of the Mammalia, 
thence called Quadrupeds. Some Mammalia have only two limbs, as 
the Cetacea, and then the place of the hinder limbs is occupied by a 
single bone enveloped in the flesh. 
(2S.) The Antehior or Pectoral Limbs, Lai. Artus pectorales seu 
antici, Fr. Les Memhres anterieurs, Germ. Brustgliedmassen, Vorder-- 
gliedaiassen, — are the extremities attached to the thorax, each consisting 
of a shoulder-blade, arm, fore-arm, and a hand, or more commonly a foot. 
These have no distinct articulations with the trunk, but are wholly iso- 
latf'd, except when the collar-bones happen to be present. 
(29.) The Hinder or Posterior Limbs, Lat. Artus abdominales seu 
postici, Fr. Les Mcnibres posterieurs. Germ. Bauchgliedmassen, Hinter- 
gliodmassen are the extremities articulated to the pelvis, each consist- 
ing of a thij’h, a leg, and most commonly a foot, or sometimes a hand. 
(30.) The Shoulder, Lai. Humerus, Fr. L'Epaule, Germ. Schulter- 
glied, — is the first articulation or joint of the anterior limbs, comprehend- 
ing the shoulder-blade ami collar-bone. 
(31.) The Scapula or Shoulder-blade, Lat. Scapula, Fr. L’Omo- 
plate, Germ. Schulter-blatt, — is the broad and flat bone of the shoulder, 
plaeed on the chest towards the spinal column. 
(32.) The Clavicle or Collar-bone, Lat. Clavicula, Fr. La Clavi- 
cule. Germ. Schliissclbein, — is the other bone of the shoulder, situate 
between the shoulder-blade and the breast-bone. It is said to be perfect 
in all animals which can raise their fore-limbs to the mouth. In most 
of the Caniassiers and Rodentia it is imperfect; while it is wholly want- 
ing in all animals specially intended for walking and running. 
(33.) The Humerus or Shoulder-bone, Lat. Brachium .seu Os Hu- 
meri, Fr. L’Humerus. Germ. Ober-Arm, — is the second articulation or 
joint of the fore-limb inserted upon the shoulder-blade, and bearing the 
fore-arm at its other end. 
(34.) The Fobe-aum, Lat. Anti-Brachium, Fr. L’ Avant-Bras, Germ. 
Unter- Arm, is the third joint of the fore-limb, supported by the shoulder- 
bone, and articulated to the wrist at the other end. Sometimes it is 
simple, or almost consisting of only one bone, as in the Ruininantia and 
Solipeda ; and sometimes it is double. In the latter case, it consists of 
the ulna and radius, which may be free, and capable of moving one over 
the other, as in Man and the Apes ; or fixed, as in the greater part of the 
Carnassiers and Rodentia. 
(35.) The Ulna, Lat. Ulna, Fr. Le Cubitus, Germ. F.llenbogenbein, 
— IS the primary bone of the fore-arm, articulated by a hinge-joint to the 
shoulder-bone, and having a process or projection at its hinder and upper 
extremity, forming The Bone of the Elbow, Lat. Olecranon, Fr. 
L’Olecrane, Germ. Elleubogenhbkker. 
(36.) The Radius. Lit. Radius, Fr. Le Radius, Germ. Spoiche, 
Spindel, the remaining hone of the fore-arm, is sometimes reduced to 
the rudimental state, and forms merely an apophysis of the ulua, as in 
the Solipeda and Ruminantia. 
(37.) The Hand [in Man], The Fore Hand [in the App.s], The 
Fore Paw, or Fore Foot [in Qii.-idrupeds], The Fin [in the Cetacea], 
Lat. Manus seu Pes anticus, Fr. La Main, Germ. Hand oder Vorder- 
fuss, consists of all the remaining articulations of the fore-limb taken 
together, being the carpu.i, metacarpus, and phalanges. 
(38.) The Carpus or VV uist-bonks, Lat. Carpus, Fr. Les Os car|ue»iS, 
Germ. Oberhand, is the basal joint of the hand, nearest to the Ulna, 
3nd consisting of several small bones, usually disposed in two rows. 
They never exceed nine, nor are less than live in number. 
(39.) The Metacarpus, Lai. Metacarpus, Fr. Les Metacarpiens, 
Germ. Mittelhand, — is the joint contained between the wrist and the finger- 
hones. The number of metacarpal bones is variable, as they usually 
correspond with the fingers, though sometimes they merely represent a 
rudimentary finger. There arc five of these bones in the hands of Man, 
^he Apes, and the greater part of the Carnassiers, and four in the Hippo- 
potamus and Hogs. Tliere are three in the Horse, a principal one called 
^he Cannon or Shank-bone {Fr. Le canon), and two rudimentary called 
^he Splent-bonks {Fr. Les perones). The Ruminantia have two me- 
tacarpal bones united into a single Cannon bone. 
The total length of the Carpus and Metacarpus varies in an inverse 
aonso to that of the humerus. Thus, animals v/ith a very short humerus 
ave very long cannon bones. 
(40.) The Fingers or Toes, Lat. Digit!, Fr. Les Doigts ou Orteils, 
erm. Finger, Zehen, — usually articulated, form the apex of the hand or 
fore-foot. 
(41.) The Phalanges, Lai. Phalanges, Fr. Les phalanges, Germ. 
'>ngerglind<>r, — are the articulations of eacli finger. Among the (juadru- 
Peds, every finger, excepting the thumb, has three plialanges, of wliich 
0 last supports the nail or hoof. The thumb has only two phalanges, 
u IS Rstlen wanting. In the Cetacea, the fingers arc formed of a con. 
' erable aiu;i.!,or of flattened phalanges, united together by cartilages, 
*0 as xo furuj ,a kind of liii. 
(42.) The Last Phalanx, Lat. Rhizonychium, Fr. Le dernier pha- 
lange, Germ. Klauenglied, Nagelglied, — bears the nail or hoof, and vaiies 
in its form and dimensions, according to the figure and disposition of its 
horny covering. 
(43.) The Femur or Thigh-bone, iMt. Femur, Fr. Le femur. Germ. 
Schcnkel (Hiifte), — is united to the pelvis, and forms the first articulation 
of the hinder limb. It corresponds to the Humerus of an anterior ex- 
tremity. 
(44.) The Shin-bone or Tibia, Lat. Tibia, AV. Le tibia, Germ. Schiene 
(Schcnkel), — is the second articulation of a hinder limb. It is suiiported 
by the femur, and articulated to a foot or hand at its other e.xtremity. 
(45.) The Fibula, Lat. Fibula, Fr. Le perone, Germ. Wadenbein, 
— is a long bone, sometimes added to tiie Tibia, though often wanting. 
The Tibia and Fibula correspond to the Ulna and Radius of the Fore- 
arm, and present the same variations. Sometimes these bones are very 
distinct, and moveable one over the otlier, as in the Apes and Mukis* 
Sometimes they are distinct, though hut slightly moveable. Most com- 
monly the Fibula is the mere rudiment of a bone. In most Mammalia, 
the Tibia arid Fibula together form the Leg. In the Horse and other 
digitigrade Quadrupeds, this is improperly styled The Thigh. 
(46.) The Foot [in Man], The Hinder-hand [in the Apes], The 
H iNnEii-PAW or HiNnFR-FooT [in Quadrupeds], The Hand [in the Opos- 
sums], Lat. Pes, Fr. Le pied, Germ. Fuss, Hiiiter-liiss, — includes all the 
remainins articulations of a hinder-limb, being the Tarsus, Metatarsus, 
and Phalanges. 
(47.) The Tarsus or Instep, Lat. Tarsus, Fr. Le tar.se. Germ. 
Oli'.'rfuss, Fussvvurzel,— the basal joint of the foot, nearest to the Tibia, 
consists of .several hones, never exceeding seven in number. In the 
Horse, this is called the Hock. 
(48 ) The METATAiistrs, Lat. Metatarsus, Fr. Lo mStatarse. Germ. 
Mittelfuss,-,-is the second joint of the foot, between the Tarsus and 
Phalanges. It never consists of more than five bones corresponding to 
the toes, or of less than two, which, however, may sometimes become 
united together, so as to form one bone. It consists, in the Horse, of 
a Cannon or Shank-bone, and Spi.ent-bones. as in the Metacarpus. 
(49.) The Toes and Phalanges may bo compared to the correspond- 
ing parts of the anterior limb. See (40.) (41.) and (42.) 
(50.) The Elbow, Lai. Cubitus, Fr. Le coude. Germ. Elienhogen, — 
is at the junction of the Humerus and Fore-arm. 
(51.) The Wrist, Lat. Flexiira, Fr. Le poiguct. Germ. Haudbeuge, 
is at tile junction of the fore-arm and carpus. In the Horse, and 
other digitigrade (piadrupeds, this is very improperly called the Knee. 
(52.) The Knee, Lat. Genu, Fr. Le geiiou. Germ. Knie. — is at the 
union of the Femur and Tibia. In the Horse, it receives the name of 
the Stifle joint. 
(53.) The Patella or Knee-pan, Lat. Patella seu rotula, Fr. La 
rotule. Germ. Kiiiescheibe, — is a small isolated bone in front of the 
knee. 
(54.) The Ham, Lai. Poplitos, Fr. Le jarret. Germ. Kniekehle — is 
the hollow part at the back of the knee, in Man and tlie Apes. I his 
part is conce.aled in tiie Horse, and all digitigrade quadrupeds. 
(55.) The Ankle-joint, Lat. SulFitigo, Fr. L’articulation de la che- 
ville, Germ. Fiissheiige, Hakkeiigeleiik, — is at the union of tlie Tibia and 
Tarsus. This is tlie Hock-joint or Hinder-knee of the Hor.se. 
(56.) The Heel, Lat. Calcaneus, Talus, seu Calx, Fr. Le Talon, 
Germ. Hakkcn, Ferse, — is tlie hiiidennost point of the Tarsus. In the 
Horse, this is called the Point of the Hock. 
(57.) The Ankle, Lai. Malleolus, Fr. La cheville. Germ. Knochel,— 
is the inner process or projection at the end of the Tibia. 
(58.) The Pastern or Fetlouk-.ioint. Fr. L’articulation du fanon, 
ou le boiilet. Germ. Hilfhaaregelenk, in digitigrade quadrupeds,— is the 
joint at the extremity of the metatarsus in the hiuder-leg, or of the me- 
tacarpus in the fore-leg. 
(59.) The Upper Pastern, Lat. Os Suffiaginis, Fr. Le paturon, 
Germ. Fes.sel, in digitigrade quadrupeds, is the second bone from the 
hoof, adjoining the fetlock, corresponding to the first phalanx in Man. 
(60.) The Lower Pastern or Coronet-bone, Lat. Os corona;, Fr. 
La coiironiie. Germ. Krone, — in digitigrade quadrupeds, is the hone next 
to the hoof, corresponding to the second phalanx in Man. 
(61.) The CorptN-BoNE, Lat, Os pedis, Fr. L’Os du sabot. Germ, 
Hiifbein, is the bone of the hoof, analogous to the last phalunx of the 
finger in Man. 
IL— THE HEAD IN GENERAL. 
(62.) The Vertex, or Top op the Heao, Lat. Vortex, Fr. Le vortex. 
Germ. Scheitel,— is the highest portion of the skull, in a line draw u be- 
tween the cars, perpendicularly upwards. 
(63 ) The Sinciput, or Foke-part op the Head, Lat. Siiic'prt. Fr. 
Le sinciput. Germ. Vorderkopf,— is that portion of the head icacliing 
^ from the vertex to the eyes. 
