I 
GLOSSOLOGY OF THE MAMMALIA. 
105 
Regcnbogenhaut, — is tlie coloured circle of the eyo, seen through the Cor- 
nea It varies in colour, from light-blue to yellow, or deep orange, and 
's most commonly of a deep yellow or brown colour. 
(125.) The Pupil, Lat. Pupilla, Fr. La pupille, Germ. Sehe, — is the 
dark central disc of the eye, surrounded by the iris. When fully dilated 
it is most commonly round. 
(126.) The Okbit, Lat. Orbita, Fr. L’orbite, Germ. Augenhole, — is 
the external margin of the cavity of the skull, destined to contain and 
protect the eye-ball. 
(127.) The Aperture of the Eve, Lat. Apertura oculi, Fr. L’onver- 
ture de I’ceil, Germ. Augen Offnung, — is the space occupied by the eye- 
ball, and appearing externally when the eye-lids are draw n back. 
(128.) The Angles of the Eyes, Lat. Canthi oculorum, Fr. Les 
angles des ycux, Germ. Augenwinkel, — are the corners formed on each 
side by the joining of the eyelids. 
(129.) The internal or nasal Angle, Lat. Canthus nasalis, Fr. 
L’angle intcrieur ou nasal. Germ. Nasenwinkel, — is the inner corner of 
the eye nearest to the nose. 
(130.) The exter.nal or temporal Angle, Lat. Canthus temporalis, 
Fr. L’angle exterieur. Germ. Schlafenwinkel, — is the outer corner of the 
ey'c nearest to the ear. 
(131.) The nictitating Membrane, Lat. Membrana nictitans, Fr. La 
troisieme paupiere, Germ. Blinzhaut, — is a cutaneous covering of the 
eye placed at the n,asal angle, and capable of covering it like a curtain. 
(132.) The Lachrymal Fossa, Lai. Fo.ssa lacrymalis, Fr. La fosse 
lachrymale, Germ. Thranengrube, — is the dilated upper extremity of a 
duct, in the nasal angle of the eye, for conveying the tears from the eye 
to the nose. 
(133.) The Sub-orbital Sinus, Lat. Sinus suborbitalis, Fr. Le Lar- 
mier, — is a naked furrow beneath the eye, secreting a peculiar humour, as 
in the Antelopes. 
The Eyes are said to be 
(134.) Rudimentary, Fr. Rudimentaires, — when they are not visible 
externally, and some minute traces alone can be discovered beneath the 
skin, as in the Blind-rat {Spalax ipphlus); 
(135.) Apparent, Fr. Apparens, — when they are visible externally, 
as most commonly happens in the other Mammalia. 
In respect to their size, the Eyes may be 
(136.) Very large, Fr. Tres-grands, — in many nocturnal animals, and 
several aquatic species, as the Galagos, Hares, Flying-Squirrels, Seals, 
and Otters ; 
(137.) Medium size, Fr. mcdiocres ou moyens, — as in most terrestrial 
quadrupeds ; or 
(138.) Small or very small, Fr. Petits ou tres-petits, — as in subter- 
raneous species, such as the Moles, and Cape- Moles {Bathyergus), or in 
some nocturnal species, as the Bats. 
The Eyes may vary in their relative position, and are said to be 
(139.) An ierior, Fr. Anterieurs, — when they are directed in front, 
and more or less approaching to each other, so that their visual axes are 
nearly parallel, as in Man and the Apes ; or 
(140.) Lateral, Fr. Lateraux, — when they are widely separate, and 
placed on the sides of the head, as in the Hares and other Kodentia, and 
fienerally in most herbivorous animals, where the eyes have nearly the 
same visual axis. 
The Cornea may have different degrees of projection. It is 
(141.) Very convex, Fr. Tres bombe, — in the nocturnal species, as the 
Galagos, also in the Tapir and Hare ; 
(142.) Oruinary, Fr. tlrdinaire, — as in most diurnal Mammalia; and 
(143.) Flat, Fr. Plat, — as in species which are habitually immersed 
>n water, such as the Seats and Cetacea. 
(144.) The Carpet of the Eye, Lat. Tapetum lucidum, Fr. Le 
tapis, — is a portion of the choroid coat, situate at the bottom of the eve, 
opposite to the point where the optic nerve enters. It is variously co- 
loured in different Mammalia. See page 35. 
V._THE ORGAN OF SMELLING. 
(145.) The Nose, Lat. Nasus, Fr. Le nez, Germ. Naso,— is the or- 
gan of smelling. See pages 8'and 36. 
(146.) The Nostrils, Lai. Nares, Fr. Les naiines. Germ. Nasen- 
locher,-_are the two external orifices of the nose for admitting the air. 
These are said to be 
(147.) Close, Fr. Pen ouvertes, — when they consist of simple clefts 
out slightly open, as in the Apes, some Carnassiors, and Rodentia ; 
048.) Cavernous, F'r. Caverneuses, — when they open into large ca- 
''•ties, as in the Horse, the Ass, and Hippopotamus; 
(149.) SpiBAL, Fr. En s.iiralc, — when thev are convoluted, as in the 
Makis ; 
(150.) Opehculated, Fr. Operculces — when they are closed by a lid, 
m some Bats, especially of the genus Nycteris ; 
27 
(151.) Orskrate, Lai. Obseratm, — when the nostrils can be closed 
by muscles at the will of the animal, as in the Seals. 
(152.) The Spiracles, Lat. Spiracula, Fr. Les events, Germ. Luft- 
locher, in Dutch Lngtstippen, — are nostrils united together, and placed 
at the top of the head, as in the Whales, through which these animals 
discharge the enormous quantity of water swallowed while pursuing their 
prey. 
(153.) The Partition of the Nostrils, Lat. Dissepimentum seu 
septum nariura, F'r. La division des narines. Germ. Nasenscheidevvand,. — 
is found in most Mammalia. 
(154.) The External Nose, Lat. Nasus externus, Fr. Le nez ex- 
tcrieur. Germ. Ausscre Nase, — is the external part of the face containing 
the nostrils. 
(155.) The Bulb of the Nostril, ImI. Pterygium, Rima, Fr. La bulbe 
du nez, Germ. Nasenfliigel, — is the expanded part on each side of the 
external wall of the nose. 
(156.) The Snout, Lat. Rhinarium, Fr. Le inuseau. Germ. Nasen- 
kuppe, — is the extreme part of the nose, distinguished by a smooth granu- 
lar and moistened surface, on the sides of which the nostrils are com- 
monly placed. 
(157.) The Chiloma, Lat. Cliiloma, Fr. Le mufle. Germ. Maul, 
forms the projecting muzzle of some Ruminants. It is wiuitiug in the 
Sheep, Goats, Camels, some Stags, the Musk-Ox, and a few others ; 
in most of the remainder it swells outwards, and comprises the upper lip 
and the part of the nose immediately adjoining. 
The Nose, which is usually placed in tlie middle of the face, may be 
(158.) Prominent, Lat. Ih-ominulus, Fr. Proeminent, Germ, vorra- 
gende, — when it projects beyond the upper lip, as in Man, and the Pro- 
boscis Monkey {Nasatis larvatus), in which cases the nostrils are inferior ; 
(159.) Flattened, Lat. Iinprcssus, Fr. Camus, Germ. Gepletschte, 
when it is depressed within the upper lip, and begins to resemble a muzzle, 
as in most of the Apes ; 
(160.) Spreading, AgL Repandus, Fr. Repandu, Germ. Verbreitete, 
when its extremity is broader than the rest of the nose ; 
(161.) Pointed, Fr. Pointu, — when the head is narrowed in front, so 
as to make the nose entirely terminal, as in the Makis, Moles, and Ant- 
eaters ; 
(162.) Short, Lat. Abbreviatus, Fr. Court, Germ. Kurze,— when the 
head is not prolonged, so that the nose scaicely projects, as in the Cats, 
and most Rodentia ; 
(163.) Tubular, Lai. Tubulosus, Germ, lldhrige, — when the nose 
terminates in a tube inclosed ou every side, and having no perceptible 
bulb ; 
(164.) Hooked, Lat. Resimus, Fr. Crochu, Germ. Ramsnase, Umge- 
bogne Nase, — when it is curved downwards, so that the ridge of the nose 
forms an arch ; 
(165.) Tuened-up, Lai. Simu.®',' Germ. Stulpnaso, Aufgebogne Nase, 
— when it is^urved uiiwards, so tliat the upper ridge appears hollow; 
(166.) Simple, Lai. Simplex, Fr. Simple, Germ. Einfaclie, — when the 
nose is destitute of any remarkable appendage or sinuosity, as in most 
Mammalia; and 
(167.) Complicated, Lat. Complex, Fr. Complique, — when it is orna- 
mented with naked membranes, more or less developed. 
(168.) The nasal Appendage, Lai. Piosthema, Fr. La feuille mem- 
brancuse. Germ. Nasen-Ansatz,— this term is applied to the leaf-like 
membrane superadded to the nose, found in many Genera of Bats. The 
nasal appendage is said to be 
(169.) Foliated, Lat. Foliatum, Fr. Folliculee, Germ. Geblatterte, 
when it is shajied like a simple leaf; 
,(170.) Cordate, Lat. Cordatum, Fr. En forme de coeur, Germ. Ge- 
herzte, — wlien in the form ol' a heait ; 
(171.) Funnel-shaped, Lat. Infundibuiiforme, Fr. Infundibulifere, | 
Germ. Trichtorlbrmige — when it resembles the funnel of a chimney ; 
(172.) Hastate, Lat. Hastatum, AV.En forme de fer-de-lance. Germ. 
Spiossfbrmige, — when it assumes the form of a lance; 
(173.) Lyrate, Fr. En forme do lyre, —when it is shaped like a 
lyre ; 
(174.) CatsTATE, Lat. Cristatum, Germ. Kammrandige, — when the 
margins of the nostrils are surrounded with small folds or crests ; and ^ 
(175.) Stellated, Fr. En forme d'etoile, — when the nostrils are sur- 
mounted with a membrane in the form of a star, 
Tlie Nose is said to be 
(176.) Proboscideal, Lat. Proboscideus, Fr. En forme de trompe, 
Germ. Riisselformige, — when it extends slightly beyond the point of the 
jaw and is moveable, as in the Coatis (Aa*«a). 
(177.) The Proboscis, Lat. Proboscis, Fr. La trompe. Germ. Russel 
— is a very long and moveable muzzle, as in the Elephants and Tapirs 
(178.) The Chanfrin, Fr. Le ebanfrein,— is the upper part of tlie 
nose, comprised between the forehead and the nostrils. It is observed 
to be arched upwards in the Sheep; curved in an opposite direction in 
