106 
GLOSSOLOGY OF THE MAMMALIA. 
the Goats ; armed with one or two horns in the Rhinoceros, and fiir- 
rowcd longitudinally, as in the Bats of the Genus Nycteris. 
VI.—THE MOUTH AND ORGANS OF TASTE. 
(179.) The Cavity op the Mocth, Lat. Cavum oris, Fr. La cavite 
de la bouche, Germ. Mundhohle, — is the hollow place formed by the 
jaws and cheeks, commonly divided into three portions ; the superior, be- 
tween the tongue and the palate ; the mferior, between the tongue and 
the lower jaw ; and the anterior, between the tongue and the teeth or 
lips. 
(180.) The Lips, Lai. Labia, Fr. Les levres, Germ. Lippen, — are the 
extremities of the skin, upon the external margins of the jaws, distin- 
guished into the upper and lower lip. 
(181.) The Corners of the Mouth, Lat. Anguli oris, Fr. Les angles 
de la bouche, Germ. Mundwinkel, — are the angles, formed at the points 
of union of the lips. 
(182.) The opening of the Jaws, Lat. Rictus, Fr. La gueule, Germ. 
Mundoffnung, — is the distance of one jaw from the other when the mouth 
is distended. 
(1S3.) The Cheek-pouches, Lat. Sacculi buccales, Bucc® saccatoe, 
seu Thesauri, Fr. Les abajoues. Germ. Bakkentaschen, — are cutaneous 
sacs in each cheek within the cavity of the mouth, and fitted for holding 
food. 
(184.) The Gums, Lat. Tomia, Fr. Les Gencives, Germ. Ladenran- 
der, are the margins of the jaws within the mouth, adapted for masti- 
cation, and on which the teeth are most commonly placed. 
(185.) The Alveolar Cavities, Lat. Alveoli, Fr. Les fosses alveo- 
laires. Germ. Zahnhohle, — are the depressions of the jaws, into which 
the teeth are inserted. 
(186 ) The Tongue, Lat. Lingua, Fr. La langtie. Germ. Zunge. — the 
principal organ of taste, supplied with nervous papillm (see p. 36), is most 
commonly fleshy and flexible. It may be 
(187.) Medium-sized, Oval, and Flat, Fr. Mediocre, ovale, et a- 
platie, as in Man, the Apes, and many other Mammalia ; 
(188.) Long, and very thin, Fr. Longue et tres mince, — as in most 
Carnassiers, especially the Dogs and Cats ; 
(189.) Long and thick, Fr. Longue et epaisse, — as in the Horse and 
Ruminantia, in which animals it serves to pluck the herbage ; 
(190.) Very long and vkrmiporm, Fr. Tres-longue et vermiforme, — 
as in the Ant-eaters, Armadilloes, and Orycteropus. 
In respect to its movements, the Tongue may be 
(191.) Extensible, Fr. Extensible, — in a greater or less degree, as in 
Man, the Apes, the Carnassiers, Rodentia, Pachydermata, and Rumin- 
antia; 
(192.) Very extensible, or Protractile, Fr. Tr6s extensible, ou pro- 
tractile,— as in the Ant-eaters, Orycteropus, Armadilloes, and the Bats 
of tlie Genus Glossophaga ; 
(193.) Fixed, Fr. fixee, — by the entire of its lower surface, as in the 
Cetacea. 
The surface of the Tongue may be 
(194.) Smooth, Fr. Douce, — when the papilla;, with which it is co- 
vered, are fine and soft, as in Man, the Apes, Dogs, Ant-eaters, Cetacea, 
and many others ; 
(195.) Rough, Fr. Rude, — when the papilla; are horny, and have their 
points directed backwards, as in the Cats, Civets, Opossums, and the 
Bats of the Genera Phyllostoma and Pteropus ; 
(196.) Scaly, Fr. Eeailleuse, — when its sides are protected with large 
scales, having two or three points terminating in an angle, as in the Por- 
cupines ; 
(197.) Funnel-s?iaped, — when its point terminates in a disc, shaped 
like a cupping-glass, as in the Bats of the Genus Glossophaga ; and 
(198.) Furrowed, Fr. Sillonnee, — when its upper surface is marked 
with a longitudinal furrow. 
VIL— THE TEETH, 
IN RESPECT TO THEIR TEXTURE, PARTS, AND FORM. 
(199) The Ivory, LuL Substantia ossea, Fr. L’ivoire, Germ. Kno- 
enmaL,— is the central or bony part of the teeth, usually constituting 
s principal part of its substance. ... ,. 
(200) The Proper Ivory, Lat. Ebur, Fr. L.vo.re proprement d,t, 
erm. Elfenbcin,_is the same bony substance, when composed ofeom- 
1 lavers, as in the Tusks of the Elephant. ^ 
(20'l.) The Enamel, Lat. Substantia vitrea, Fr. L email Gem. 
d,melz._is the white, hard, and dense substance covering the teeth 
temally, or intersecting them internally. , t, 
(202.) The Cortex, Lai. Indumentum corticate, seu Cementum, Fr. 
o Cortical, Germ. Zahnkutt,— is a substance of less density, covering 
e enamel, or connecting its interstices in compound teet i. 
(203.) The Whale-bone, Lot. Elasmia, Fr. Les fanons ou bathes. 
Germ. Barten, — horny laminm in place of teeth, hanging transversely 
from the sides of the palate. 
(204.) The Root of a Tooth, Lat. Radix, Fr. La raciiie. Germ. 
Zahnwurzel, — is the lower part of a tooth placed within the alveolar 
cavity and the gum, and most commonly destitute of enamel. 
In respect to its Root, a Tooth may bo 
(205.) Mono-rhizal, Di-rhizal, Tri-riiizal, or Poly-riiizal, — ac- 
cording as it has one, two, three, or many roots ; 
(206.) Cielobhizal, — when its root is hollow ; or 
(207.) Stereorhizal, — when its root is solid. 
(208.) The Crown of a Tooth, Lat. Corona dentis, Fr. La couronne. 
Germ. Zahnkrone, — is the part of the tooth beyond the alveolar cavity 
and gum, serving for mastication. 
(209.) The Neck of a Tooth, Lat. Collum dentis, Fr. Le Collet, 
Germ. Zahnkranz, — is the interval more or less distinct, separating the 
crown from the root of a tooth. 
(210.) A Simple Tooth, Lai- Dons obductus, Fr. Dent simple. Germ. 
Uberlegter Zalin, Einfacher Zahn, — has its ivory entirely covered with 
enamel, hut only on the exterior. -It consists of a Root, a Neck, and a 
Crown, and being always of a determinate form, ceases to grow after 
having left the bulb whence it originated. 
(211.) A Compound Tooth, Lat. Dens lamellosus, Fr. Dent com- 
posbe. Germ. Bliittriger Zahn, — has its ivory intersected with folds of 
enamel in every direction, so that it appears to be formed of perpendi- 
cular laminse. 
(212.) A Complicated Tooth, Lat. Dens complicatus, Fr. Dent 
demi-composee. Germ. Schmelzfaltiger Zahn, — along with a simple root, 
has its crown more or less intersected with folds of enamel, but not so 
far as to separate the tooth into lamina;. 
(213.) The Ridge of a Tooth, Lat. Machseris, Fr. Le bord tianchant. 
Germ.. Schmelzleistc, — is the sharp external line of a fold of enamel, 
emerging from the crowns of a compound or complicated tooth. 
(214.) A Fibrous Tooth, Lat. Dens fibrosus, Fr. Dent fibreuse. 
Germ. Fasriger Zahn, — is composed of fibres or longitudinal tubes, re- 
sembling the stalk of a reed. 
(215.; The Cusps or Points, Lat. Cuspis, Fr. Les points. Germ. 
Zakke,— are the sharp points on the crown of a tooth. 
(216.) The Tubercles, Lat. Tubcrculum, Fr. Les tubercules. Germ. 
Zahnhokker, are the small blunt planes on the crown of a tooth. 
A Tooth is said to be 
(217.) Tearing, Lat. Sectorius, Fr. Dechirante, Germ. Reiss Zahn, 
when it terminates in a sharp point cutting unequally ; 
(218.) Conical, Fr. Conique, — when it varies in form from the Cy- 
linder to the Oval or Ellipse (see page 88) ; 
(219.) Trenchant, Lat. Incisoriiis, Fr. Tranchante, Garni. Schneide 
Zahn, — ^when it terminates in a sharp edge cutting equally (see page 
88); 
(220.) Chisel-shaped, Lai. Cestriformis, Fr. En ciseau-a-tailler. Germ. 
Meisselfdrmiger Zahn, — when a long and narrow trenchant tooth ter- 
minates in a thin edge, hollowed or scooped out on one side ; 
(221.) Wedge-shaped, Lai. Acutatus, Fr. En biseau. Germ. Zuge- 
scharftcr, — when a trenchant tooth is cut obliquely off at its extremit)', 
as in the upper Incisors of most Rodentia, and the lower Incisors of 
some. 
(222.) The Apex, Lat. Scalprum, Fr. Le coin. Germ. Schneide, — is 
the point of the crown in a tearing, trenchant, chisel-shaped, or wedge- 
shiiped tooth. 
A Tooth is said to be 
(223.) Unicuspidate, Bicuspidate, Tricuspidate, or Multicuspi- 
DATE, — according as its crown ends in one, two, three, or many cusps ; 
(224.) Tuberculous, Lat. Tuberculatiis, Fr. Tuberculeusc, Germ. 
Hokkriger, — when it is furnished with Tubercles or small blunt planes 
m its crown (see page 88) ; 
(225.) Cuspidate, Lat. Cuspidatus, Germ. Zakkiger, — when its crown 
i supplied with many cusps ; 
(226.) Ridged, Lat. Rugosus, Fr. a collines transverses. Germ. Runz- 
riger, — when its crown is armed with several elevated ridges ; 
(227 ) Plane, Lat. Laevis, inermis, Fr. Plane, Germ. Glatter, — when 
I ts crown is smooth, and without cusps, tubercles, or ridges ; 
(228.) Growing Indefinitely, Lat. Auctus, Fr. Poussant, Germ- 
Erweiterter, — when the crown continues to be pushed outwards on the 
t ides, before, or behind, from its interior part, during the entire life of the 
animal, as in the Incisors of the Rodentia. 
Teeth are said to bo 
(229.) Homogeneous, Lat. Homogenei, Germ. Gleichartige Zahne, 
when they all resemble each other in form and texture ; and 
(230.) Heterogeneous, Lat. Heterogenei, Germ. Ungleichartige Zahne, 
I — when they differ in form and texture. 
