GLOSSOLOGY OF THE MAMMALIA. 
107 
VIIL— THE TEE'l H, 
IN’ HESPECT TO THEIR INSERTION AND POSITION. 
A Tooth is said to be 
(231.) Separable, Lat. Injunctus, Fr. Separable, Germ. Eingekoilter 
Zahn, when it has a distinct root iiLserted into an alveolar cavity of the 
jaw, and capable of being separated from it, as in the teeth of most Mam- 
malia; 
(232,) Inseparable or Innate, Lat. Innatus, Fr. Inseparable, Gerai. 
Eingewachsner Zahn, — when the tooth is inserted in its alveolar cavity, 
in such a way that it appears to be a continuous process or excrescence 
of the jaw-bone, so that it Cannot be separated from it without fracture, 
as in the Molars of the Orycteropus or Cape Ant-eater ; 
(233.) Imposed, Lat. Impositus, Fr. Imposee, Gervt. Eingefleischter 
Zalin, when the tooth is merely attached to the gum, and has no alveo- 
lar cavity of its own ; 
(234.) Adherent, Lat. Agglutinatus, Fr. Attachee, Germ. Angehef- 
teter Zahn, when a tooth is attached to the jaw or palate, without 
any distinct root, and solely by an intermediate membrane, as in the 
Ornithorhynchus. 
(23.5.) Maxillary Teeth, Lat. Dentes maxillares, Fr. Les dents 
maxillaires. Germ. Ladeiizahne,— are irvserted on the jaws. 
(236.) Palatine Teeth, Lai. Dentes palatini, Fr. Les dents pala- 
tines, Germ. Gaumenzahne, — arc inserted on the palate. 
(237.) The Incisors or Fore-teeth, Lat. Dentes primoros, Fr. Les 
Incisives, Germ. Vorderzuhne, — are maxillary teeth in the front of the 
mouth. These are distinguished into the Ujjjwr Incisors, placed, except 
in Man, upon the intermaxillary bone, and the Lower Incisors opposite 
to the former. (Sec page 86.) 
(238.) The Molar Teeth or Molars, Lat. Dentes molares, Fr. Les 
dents molaires, Germ. Bakltcnzabne, — are maxillary teeth placed far 
within the mouth, upon the hinder margins of the jaws. (See page 86.) 
(2.39.) The Canine Teeth or Canines, Lai. Dentes laniarii, angu- 
larcs, seu canini, Fr. Les dents canines. Germ. Ekkziihnc, — are simple 
maxillary teeth, placed at the sides of the fiont teeth and near the corners 
of the mouth, whence they are sometimes called corner teeth. They are 
always pointed, and of a conical form. When the jaws are closed, the 
canine teeth of the upper jaw alv/ays fall behind those of the lower. 
(See page 80.) 
The Molar Teeth arc said to be 
(240.) Continuous, Lat. Molares continui, Fr. Les Molaires com- 
pletes, Germ. Anschliessende Bakkeuzahne, — n hen they immediately 
odjoin the Canines, or, when these are wanting, the Incisors ; 
(241.) Abrupt, Lat. Molares abrupt!, Fr. Les Molaires incompletes. 
Germ. Abgesetzte Bakkenziihne, — when they are separated from the 
Canines or Incisors by a broad space, although continuous to each other. 
(242.) The Interval, Lat. Diastema, Fr. L’espace vide, Germ. 
Zahnliikke, is the largo vacant space between the Incisors or the Ca- 
nines, and the Molars, as in the Horse and Bull. 
The Teeth, in respect to each other, are further said to be 
(243.) Approximated, Lat. Approximati, Germ. Gedrangtstgliendc, — 
when they stand close together ; 
(244.) Divided, Lat. Discrcti, Germ. Vereinzelte, — when there are 
interstices between them ; and a Tooth is 
(245.) Remote, Lat. Dimotus, Gena. Wcggeriikkter, — when separated 
i^y a broad interstice from the others of its own kind. 
The Teeth of the one jaw, in rcsipect to those of the other jaw, are 
®^dtohe 
(246.) Opposite, Lat. Oppositi, Germ. Entgcgengcsetzte,— when the 
crowns of the upper teeth are opposite those of the lower ; 
(247.) Congruent, Lat, Congrui, Germ. Dekkende, — when each 
crown of every individual tooth in the upper or under jaw is opposite to 
the corresponding crowns of the opposite teeth ; 
(248.) Obverse, Lat. Olivers!, Germ. Abgeschragto, — when the ob- 
lique crowns of the one jaw are fitted into tlie corresponding oblique 
'browns of the other ; 
(249.) Alternate, Lat Altorcantes, Germ. Wechselstandige, — when 
the crown of a tooth in either jaw occupies the space between two teeth 
of the opposite jaw ; 
(250.) Inclined, Lat. Accliiiati, Germ. Ubergreifoiide, — when the 
Sides of the teeth in the one jaw cover the sides of the teeth in the op- 
posite jaw, and this they may do cither externalh/ or internally. 
The Teeth, in respect to the Jaws and Lips, may be 
(251.) Erect, Lat. Erecti, Germ. Aufrcchte,— when they are placed 
'’Optically in the gum j 
(252.) Procumbent, Lat. Procunihcntes, Fr. Proclives, Germ. Lie- 
pude,__when they he more or less hoiizontally upon the gum, as in the 
ower Inciso-s of the Makis and Kangaroos; 
(253.) Oblkiue, Lat. Obliqui, Germ. Schriige, — when they are joined 
to the gum, so as to form an obtuse angle with it ; 
Fad-*.; riiANsvEiisE, Lat. Transversi, Genw. Queeizahne, — wnenthey 
are so placed in the gums as to stand inwards beyond the remaining teeth 
of the same series ; 
(255.) Inclosed, Lat. Indus!, Germ. Bedckkte,— when they are com- 
pletelv covered by the jaws and lips on the mouth being siiut ; 
(256.) Projecting, Lat. Exserti, Germ. Freie, vorragende Zalme, — 
when they appear externally although the mouth be dosed. 
IX.— THE TEETH, 
IN RESEECT TO THEIR I’OSITION AND t'OR-M JOINTLY. 
The Teeth arc said to be 
(257.) Anomalous, Fr. Anomales,— when the forms of the three kinds 
of Teeth, Incisors, Canines, and Molars, are not very distinctly pro- 
nounced, as in Man and the Orangs ; 
(258.) Normal, Fr. Normales,— when the differences among the In- 
cisors, Canines, and Molars, are strongly marked, as in the Caruassiers 
and Hogs. 
The Molar Teeth have received the names of 
(259.) Grinders, Lat. Dentes tritorcs, Fr. Les Machdieres, Germ. 
Mahlzahnc,— when they have broad crowns, which may be tuberculous, 
cuspidate, ridged, or plane; 
(260.) Cabnassiehs, Lat. Laniarii ambigui, Fr. Les Carnassieres, 
Germ. Zweideutige Ekkzahno,— when they are strong and lohed, com- 
pressed and cutting on their margins, so that, excepting from their posi- 
tion, it would remain doubtful whether they should be set down as Mo- 
lars, Canines, or Incisors; 
(261.) False Molars, Lat. Molares incurrentes, Fr. Les Fausses 
Molaires, Germ. Uborgehende Bakkenzaline,— when they are placed an- 
teriorly, and are somewhat conical, like the canine teeth ; 
(262.) Tuberculous Molars, Lat. Molares tuberculati, Fr. Les Mo- 
laires tuberculeuscs, Germ. Hukkriger Bakkenzaline, — when they present 
tubercles or blunt excrescences, and belong to an animal which also has 
Caniassier Molars. 
The Canine Teeth assume the name of 
(263.) Tusks, Lat. Dentes falcuti, Fr. Les defenses. Germ, Fangzahne, 
when they project strongly from the mouth. 1 he Tusks are curved 
downwards, as in the Morse ; directed laterally, as in the Boar and Ethio- 
pian Hog ; or curved upwards, as in the Indian Hog. 
The Incisive Teeth are said to be 
(264.) Cleit, Lat. Pcctinati, Fr. Pectin&es,— when their margins ex- 
hibit deep scissures, as in the Flying-Cats; 
(265.) Bilobed or Trilobed, Fr. Bilobees on Trilobees.— when they 
have one or two furrows upon their edge, as in some Bats and young 
Dogs ; 
(266.) Bifurcated, Fr. Bifiirquecs when they are in the form of a 
fork with two prongs, as in some Sca-I,iotis (Otaria) ; 
(267.) Si’ooN-sHAPED. Lat. Cochloari-formes, Fr. En cuiller,— when 
they are flattened, rounded, and slightly hollowed at theii internal sur- 
face, as in the lower jaws of the Genus Condylura ; 
(268.) Awl-shaped, Lat. Suhulati, Fr. En alene,— when they end 
gradually in a sharp point, as in the lower Incisors of most Rodentiaj 
(269.) Cylindrical and Truncated, Fr. CyTmdriques et tronquees,, 
as in the Wombat (Phascolomys). 
The Incisive Teeth sometimes become Tusks, see (263), when they 
may be 
(270.) Straight, Fr. Droites, — as in the Narwhal; or 
(271.) Curved upwards, Fr. Arquees en en-haut, — as in the Elephant. 
(272.) A Supernumerary Tooth, Lat. Dens accessorius. Germ. Ncben- 
zahn,— is a minute homogeneous Molar, superadded either before or be- 
hind the other Molars. 
(273.) Rudimentary Teeth, Lat. Dentes spurii, Fr. Dents rudimen, 
taires. Germ. Un'acht Zahne,— are small deciduous teeth placed before 
the Molars. 
X THE NECK. 
(274.) The Neck, Lat. Colluni, Fr. Le cou. Germ. Hals, — is the 
intermediate portion between the Head and Trunk, and covering the 
Cervical Vertebrae. (See page 32.) 
(275.) The Cervix or Back of the Neck, Lat. Cervix, Fr. Le cou 
superieuri Germ. Hinterhals, — is the upper side of the Neck (the hinder 
in Man), extending from the Occiput to the first Dorsal Vertebra. 
(270.) The Nucha or Nape of the Neck, Lai. Nucha, Fr, La nuque. 
Germ. Genikk,. — is that part of the Cervix next to tiie Occiput. 
(277.) The Auchenium or Lower part of the Neck, Lat. Auche- 
nium, Fr. Le cou posteriour, Germ. Nakken, — is the region of the Cer- 
vix below the Nucha. 
(278.) The Throat, Lat. Guttur, Fr. La gorge. Germ. Vorderhals,— 
is the lower region of the Neck (the fore in Man), extending from the 
Under- chin (75) downwards to the Breast. 
